South African English is a dialect of English spoken in South Africa and to some extent, in neighbouring countries with a large number of Anglo-Africans living in them, such as Botswana, Namibia and Zimbabwe.

South African English is not unified in its pronunciation: this can be attributed to the fact that English is the mother tongue for only 40% of the white inhabitants (the remainder mostly having Afrikaans as their mother tongue) and only a tiny minority of black African inhabitants of the region. (In addition some 94% of the 1.1 million inhabitants of Asian descent, and 19% of the 4 million "coloured", or mixed race, inhabitants are English mother tongue speakers.) The dialect can be, however, identified by many loanwords mostly from Afrikaans but increasingly also from Zulu and other African languages. Some of these words, like "trek", have seeped into general English usage throughout the globe. In some senses, there are at least two main categories of South African English — that spoken near-natively by Afrikaans mother-tongue speakers, and that spoken natively by Anglo-South-Africans.

Traditionally, white South Africans have spoken South African English, but a distinct Indian South African form of English has long existed, and an equally distinctive black South African English is developing very rapidly. Convergence between these sub-dialects can be observed but it is a slow process.

The convergence process was exposed to a humorous treatment by Robin Malan in his book 'Ah Big Yaws' written in the mid-1970s. The book is concise, and conforms more or less to the spoken dialect of Cape Town in 1974–76, in the northern Cape Town suburbs of Bellville and Durbanville, where Malan resided, and in the University town of Stellenbosch, where he was at the time a lecturer of spoken English. This book is often considered a high point of South African written wit, and a low point for South African linguistics, although it is now considered an important cultural time-capsule, as it also gives a pocket outline of white South Africa immediately before the social and political chaos of the 1980s.

The fourth edition of the Dictionary of South African English was released in 1991.

1 Pronunciation
2 Vocabulary
3 Idioms
- 3.1 South African English Contributions to World English
4 English Academy of Southern Africa
5 See also
6 External links

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Pronunciation

ə	This article contains nonstandard pronunciation information which should be rewritten using the International Phonetic Alphabet. Please see Wikipedia:Manual of Style (pronunciation) for help.

South African English spoken by whites bears some resemblances in pronunciation to a mix of Australian English and British English. Afrikaans has heavily influenced only those living in Afrikaans areas.

The most noticeable difference in Afrikaans pronunciation is probably the flat "i", so that "six" is pronounced in a way sounding like "sucks", and "today" like "to die". This is a part of the vowel shift that has occurred in South Africa as well as New Zealand. However, the population possessing English as their mother tongue pronounce words in much the same way as the British upper class.

pan = /pɛn/
pen = /pen/
pin = /pɨn/
pun = /pan/

One difference between (white) South African English and New Zealand English is in the pronunication of 'ar' and 'ow', as in the pronunciation of the sentence 'park the car downtown'.

New Zealand: pahk the kah dehwn tehwn
South Africa: pawk the kaw dahwn tahwn

English as spoken by black South Africans is influenced by intonation and pronunciation of African languages:

work → weck
win → ween
car → kah
book → boook
dirty → detty
garden → gaddin
fast → fust
town → taun
broken → braucken

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Vocabulary

Main article: List of lexical differences in South African English

There are words that do not exist in British or American English, usually derived from Afrikaans or African languages. Terms in common with American and Australian English include 'freeway' (British English 'motorway') and 'buck' meaning money (rand, in this case, and not a dollar). South Africans generally refer to the different codes of football, such as soccer and rugby by those names, although some white South Africans may refer to rugby as 'football' as in some parts of Australia as well New Zealand. However, this is not common, and among most South Africans the term 'football' means soccer. There is a great difference between South African English dialects: in Johannesburg the local form is primarily English-based, while its Eastern Cape counterpart is more Afrikaans-based. Although differences between the two are sizeable, there are many similarities. For example: most South African people vloek (swear) in Afrikaans, they'll tune you (say) jou ma se dêng this is a neater version of "your mothers..."

Here are some South African English words in table-form:

South African English	General English
Ag	Annoyance (general exclamation)
Ag Shame!	An expression similar to 'Ah, cute' or 'Oh no'
Babbelas	Hangover
Bakkie	Pickup truck
Bliksem, donner	Nasty person, beat-up
Boer, boertjie	Afrikaner
Boet	Brother, friend
Braai	Barbecue
Bru	Guy, mate
China	Guy, mate (from rhyming slang 'china plate')
Dagga	Weed (Marijuana)
Donga	Ditch/gully
Dop	Drink (in particular alcohol)
Dorp (Dorpie)	Small town
Dutchman	Afrikaner (pejorative)
Eina!	Ouch!
Eish!	Surprise, disbelief (general exclamation)
Erf	Plot (Property)
Gatvol	Sick and tired of
Gemors	Junk, mess
Gogga/Goggo	Insect
Gooi	Throw
Go well, stay well	Goodbye
Harregat (don't be harregat!)	Cocky, Stubborn
How!/Hhayibo!	(see Eish! above)
Howzit	Hello/how are you (a contraction of 'how is it')
Indaba	Meeting/discussion/conference
Izzit?	Really, is that so?
Ja	Yes, yeah
Jawellnofine	Things are okay
Jislaaik	Wow
Jol	Fun, party
Just now, now-now	Soon, immediately
Kak	Nonsense, shit
Kief!	Cool!
Klap	Hit, Smack
Kraal	Animal enclosure/corral
Lekker	Nice
Lieg	Lie
Lobolla	Bride price, dowry paid by the groom
Location, chinatown	Township
Make a plan	Think of something
Moer	Beat-up
Moffie	Gay person (pejorative)
Naartjie	Manderine
Nooit man!	Damn it!
Outjie	Guy
Pasop	Watch out
Poep	Fart
Poephol	Asshole
Robot	Traffic-light
Seffrica	South Africa
Shoosh	Be quiet (general exclamtion)
Sis, sies	Expression of disgust
Slops	Flip Flops
Sommer	Just like that
Stiffie	"90 mm" floppy (it's stiff, not floppy!)
Stoep	Veranda/Stoop
Stompie	Cigarette butt
Swak	Unfair, Unlucky or Too bad
Tackie/Takkie	Training shoe
Veld	Field/Savanna/the wild
Vloek	Swear
Voetsek!, voertsek!	Go away!
Vrek	Suffer, die
Vrot	Rotten
Yebo	Hello, yes
Yebo-yes	Yes
Zol	Joint (marijuana)
Train smash	Crisis situation

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Idioms

The influence of Afrikaans accounts for many idioms in South African English. Probably the most distinctive example is the use of the Afrikaans word "ja" ("a" as in "father") as a contraction of "yes" as opposed to the word "yeah" used by British, North American and Australian English speakers. (eg: "Do you want to go to a movie?" "Ja, sure")

Other idiomatic phrases influenced or taken from Afrikaans include "are you coming with?" ("are you coming with us?"), the use of "hey" at the end of a sentence (though mainly used in Gauteng province) eg: "I don't really know, hey", "she'll be here just now" instead of "she'll be here soon", "ja well, no fine" instead of "things are okay, so-so", and "hey bru. You know who I am?" instead of "excuse me but what do you think you're doing?".

Another influence is the use of the word 'comma' as in decimal comma, instead of 'point' as in decimal point. For example, a South African radio broadcaster would say "the rand closed at 7,25 [seven comma two five] against the US dollar" instead of "the rand closed at 7.25 [seven point two five] against the US dollar."

Speakers of African languages may confuse 'he', 'she' and 'it', as the third person singular is often the same. "Madam is not here. He is in England." and "She's broken, she's not working."

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South African English Contributions to World English

Several South African words, usually from Afrikaans or native languages of the region, have entered world English: aardvark; apartheid; lekker; commando and trek.

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English Academy of Southern Africa

The English Academy of Southern Africa (EASA) is the academy for the English language in the world, but unlike such counterparts as the Académie française, it has no official connection with the government and can only attempt to advise, educate, encourage, and discourage. It was founded in 1961 by Professor Gwen Knowles-Williams of the University of Pretoria in part to defend the role of English against pressure from supporters of Afrikaans. It encourages scholarship in issues surrounding English in Africa through regular conferences, but also remains controversial among language scholars in South Africa for its strong encouragement of International English and British English against emerging Black South African varieties of English.

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