Shibboleth

For the Internet2 research project, see Shibboleth (Internet2).

Shibboleth originally comes from the Hebrew word (שבולת) that literally means "torrent of water" or "ear of grain".[1] In the Hebrew Bible, pronunciation of this word was used to distinguish members of a group (like Ephraim) whose dialect lacked a "sh" sound from members of a group (like Gilead) whose dialect included such a sound. This term originated in the Book of Judges, chapter 12, which details a violent dispute between the tribes of Gilead and Ephraim. During this conflict, which occurred between 1370-1070 B.C., Gilead defeated Ephraim, and some Ephraimites began to cross secretly into Gilead's territory to escape retribution. In order to catch and kill these disguised refugees, the Gileadites put each refugee to a simple test:

And the Gileadites seized the passages of the Jordan before the Ephraimites; and it was so, that when those Ephraimites who had escaped said, "Let me go over," that the men of Gilead said unto him, "Art thou an Ephraimite?" If he said, "Nay," then said they unto him, "Say now 'Shibboleth.'" And he said "Sibboleth," for he could not frame to pronounce it right. Then they took him and slew him at the passages of the Jordan; and there fell at that time of the Ephraimites forty and two thousand. (Judges 12:5-6, KJV)

Or for a more modern translation:

"The Gileadites captured the fords of the Jordan leading to Ephraim, and whenever a survivour of Ephraim said, "Let me go over," the men of Gilead asked him, "Are you an Ephraimite?" If he replied, "No," they said, "All right, say 'Shibboleth'." If he said, "Sibboleth," because he could not pronounce the word correctly, they seized him and killed him at the fords of the Jordan. Forty-two thousand Ephraimites were killed at that time." (Judges 12:5-6, NIV)

Contents 1 Modern usage 2 Some shibboleths 2.1 Shibboleths used in war 2.2 Humorous shibboleths 2.3 Shibboleths in fiction 2.4 Grammatical shibboleths 2.5 Other shibboleths 2.5.1 English shibboleths for native speakers or locale natives 2.5.2 English shibboleths for non-native speakers 2.5.3 Non-English 3 Computer security 4 See also

Modern usage

Today, "shibboleth" refers to words and phrases that can be used in a similar way—to distinguish members of a group from outsiders. The word is also sometimes used in a broader sense to mean specialized jargon, the proper use of which reveals speakers as members of a particular group or subculture. For example, people who regularly use words like "stfnal," "grok," "filk," and "gafiate" in conversation are likely members of science fiction fandom. Shibboleths can also be customs or practices, such as male circumcision.

Cultural touchstones and shared experience can also be shibboleths of a sort. For example, people about the same age tend to have the same memories of popular songs, television shows, and events from their formative years. Much the same is true of alumni of a particular school, to veterans of military service, and to other groups. Discussing such memories is a common way of bonding.

A shibboleth can also be the manner in which a word is spelled. For example, the Perl programming language is sometimes rendered as PERL (in all capital letters, as if it were an acronym), which is a clear sign to Perl community members that the document lacks respect for the published materials, and is therefore from an outsider. This is frequently used to sort out "good" job offers (where the job shop understands Perl culture) from "bad" job offers (where they are not aware of cultural conventions) or to detect that a book on Perl probably is not useful, since the typography shows a lack of familiarity with the conventions of the language. Likewise, rendering Ada as ADA is a sign that the writer is unfamiliar with the Ada programming language, which was named in honor of Ada Lovelace.

Some shibboleths

Below are listed various examples of shibboleths. Please note that there are many apocryphal shibboleths in existence, and that since, by definition, shibboleths rely on stereotypical pronunciation traits, they may not accurately describe the speech of all members of the group in question.

Shibboleths used in war

• Lollapalooza: Used in World War II by the United States military to distinguish Japanese spies, who were unable to pronounce the "l", giving an "r" instead.
• Scheveningen: Dutch people pronounce this word beginning with separate "s" [s] and "ch" [x]; a German would pronounce sch as [ʃ] (IPA). The Dutch Resistance used this to ferret out Nazi spies during World War II.
• Höyryjyrä: (IPA [høyryjyræ], Engl. "Steam Roller") Finnish soldiers in World War II would use this as a password, as none but a true Finnish native speaker could properly say this word, which contains the Finnish front vowels Ö, Y, and Ä in combination with the rolled R used in Finnish. The leading H [h] is particularly hard for Russian speakers to pronounce correctly; standard cyrillization would turn it into Г [g], a completely different sound.
• Yksi: Finnish for "one". The Whites used "yksi" as a shibboleth to separate Russians from Finns in the Finnish Civil War during the invasion of Tampere. Many of the Russians caught had changed to civilian clothing, so suspicious people were rounded up, even from hospitals, and each one was asked to say "yksi". If the prisoner pronounced "juksi", mistaking the front vowel 'y' for an iotated 'u', he was considered a Russian foreign fighter and was shot on the spot. The problem was that any Slav or Balt, Communist or not, was killed, including some volunteers of the White Guard. (Source: Heikki Ylikangas, Tie Tampereelle, ref. at [2])
• The Spanish word perejil (parsley) was used as a shibboleth by Dominican Republic strongman Trujillo. See [3].
• Schild en vriend: On May 18, 1302, the people of Bruges killed the French occupants during a nocturnal surprise attack. They asked every suspicious person to say "schild en vriend" (shield and friend). The Flemings pronounced it with a separate "s" [s] and "ch" [x]" (see also "Scheveningen", earlier in this section); the French "sk". That way they could easily find the French. This day is known as the Brugse Metten.
• Ciciri: This was used by native Sicilians to ferret out Norman French soldiers in the late 1200s during an uprising (Sicilian vespers) against Angevin rule. The Italian c and r were (and are still) difficult for the French to pronounce.
• Ba, bi, bu, be, bo Japanese used this syllabary group to detect Korean spies. Koreans would pronounce the syllables unvoiced, pa, pi, pu, pe, po.
• The Catalan sentence Setze jutges d'un jutjat mengen fetge d'un penjat ['sɛd͡zə 'ʒud͡ʒəz ðuɲ ʒu'd͡ʒat 'meɲʒəɱ 'fed͡ʒə ðum pəɲ'ʒat] ("Sixteen judges of a court eat the liver of a hanged man") is claimed to have been used by the Almogàvers to distinguish the Turks [4], and others of it being used during the War of Spanish Succession to distinguish the ethnic Spanish (native Castilian speakers) [5] by the means of z, ʒ and d͡ʒ sounds, difficult for native Castilian speakers. Oral tradition has added several different endings to the sentence.
• Bûter, brea, en griene tsiis; wa't dat net sizze kin, is gjin oprjochte Fries means "Butter, bread and green cheese, who cannot say that is no real Frisian" was used by the the Frisian Grutte Pier during a Frisian-Holland war. Ships whose crew could not pronounce this properly were usually plundered.
• Soczewica, koło, miele, młyn. In 1312, Wladislaus the Short quelled a rebellion in Kraków, populated mostly by Silesian, German and Czech citizens. Anyone over the age of 7 who couldn't pronounce these four Polish words was put to death, ejected from the city or had his property confiscated.

Humorous shibboleths

• Coax: Information technology professionals often pronounce this as "co-ax", short for "coaxial cable", instead of as the English word "coax".
• Olin seitsemän vuotta sedälläni kodossa renkinä (Finnish). "I was seven years at my uncle's home as a servant". This is to tease Eastern Tavastians, who pronounce 'd' as 'l'. It becomes "olin seitsemän vuotta selälläni kolossa renkinä", which means "I was seven years a servant in a hole, lying on my back" - certain connotations of being a sex slave.
• Kurri etsi jarrua murkkukasasta: "Kurri sought for a brake in the ant pile." The Finnish phoneme rolled R [r] in general is considered a "shibboleth" between normality and various types of speech defects. Small children usually learn the phoneme /r/ last, using /l/ instead. Older children can trick them to say "kulli etsi Jallua mulkkukasasta", "The cock sought for a Jallu (porn magazine) in a pile of dicks."
• Germany: Oachkatzlschwoaf is used to tell true Bavarians and eastern Austrians from non-natives, mostly northern Germans. Eekkattensteert is jokingly used by northern Germans to expose Bavarians. Both words mean "squirrel tail".

Shibboleths in fiction

• Unionized: Isaac Asimov introduced this shibboleth that distinguishes chemists from non-chemists. When reading this word aloud with no context, a chemist will pronounce it "un-ionized", whereas a non-chemist will pronounce it "union-ized".
• In his essay "The Shibboleth of Fëanor", J. R. R. Tolkien describes how the Ñoldorin Elves change the sound th (IPA /θ/) to s in the Quenya language. Strife occurs when the king's second wife adopts the name Indis (with an s) to emphasize her acceptance of Ñoldorin culture; however, king's son Fëanor considered this change to be an insult to his dead mother Therindë who had refused to be called Serindë.
• In the TV series "West Wing," in an episode appropriately titled "Shibboleth," President Josiah Bartlet (Martin Sheen) utilizes knowledge of the Biblical term to determine whether a group of supposedly Christian Chinese refugees are legitimate in their desire for seeking religious freedom. His expectation is that, while anyone can learn the text or concepts of the bible, a true Christian would speak of his faith differently. When the designated leader of the refugees states that faith cannot be demonstrated through knowledge of the bible alone, but that faith is the true "Shibboleth", Bartlet knows they're on the level and finds a way for them to remain in the U.S. In this case the word Shibboleth also demonstrated the quality that identified him as part of a group.

Grammatical shibboleths

In the Victorian era, especially in Britain, the educated middle classes invented several shibboleths to distinguish themselves from the lower classes. One of these was pronouncing the gerund suffix -ing as it is spelled, rhyming with sing, whereas both the lower and upper classes pronounced it as -in, rhyming with sin. However, many of the shibboleths were grammatical. These were primarily taken from the rules of Latin grammar, and had not occurred in English prior to this time. For instance, in Latin it is impossible to split an infinitive, because a Latin infinitive (such as vadere "to go") is a single word; therefore, prescriptivist grammarians decided that people should not split English infinitives either. (That is, to boldly go "should" be boldly to go or to go boldly, as if to go were a single word as it is in Latin.) Despite centuries of contrary use, this became a mark of a good education, and is still taught in schools. Other invented grammatical rules used as shibboleths include:

• between you and I (more properly between you and me; "me" is objective case, suited for use in a prepositional phrase. However, because "me" is often used for "I" in informal speech, and sometimes judged incorrect according to grammatical standards, speakers often resort to hypercorrection, producing this phrase)
• no prepositions at the end of sentences (which often provokes the reply, apocryphally attributed to Churchill, that this is nonsense "up with which I will not put". Ironically, an easy description of this 'incorrect' usage is: "A preposition is something you should never end a sentence with".)
• no verbless sentences (these are common in literature: Not so. Really?)
• use different from rather than different than (different than has been well established in literature for centuries; cf. different to)
• no initial ands or buts (in literature, and and but can even begin a paragraph: But suppose all this is rubbish? or, And so it turns out ...)
• use a possessive noun with a gerund: women's having the vote would be ... (actually, women having the vote is traditional usage)
• use of themself or theirselves as pronouns to refer to singular nouns or persons: The teacher will introduce themself at the beginning of the lecture. (This usage is contentious, with supporters on both sides of the argument. This has developed as a gender-neutral alternative.)
• use of the apostrophe for standard, non-possessive plural (e.g. Hotdog's for sale)
• confusion of it's (verb contraction, "it is") and its (possessive for it)

Other shibboleths

English shibboleths for native speakers or locale natives

Note: This page contains IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode.

• nuclear/nucular: The word "nuclear" (ˈn(j)uː.kli.ə(ɹ)) is sometimes pronounced "nucular" (ˈn(j)uːkjə.lə(ɹ)) in the Southern United States. This is considered incorrect by many authorities, although the alternative pronunciation is common, having been used by several U.S. Presidents.
• Fish and chips: The accents of Australians and New Zealanders seem very similar, and the term fish and chips is sometimes evoked to illustrate a major difference between the two. The New Zealand pronunciation features a shorter, clipped vowel sound and the Australian pronunciation a longer vowel sound.
• loch: Scottish people have been known to ask suspected English impersonators to say this (the Scots Gaelic word for a lake or fjord, which occurs in many placenames) since this includes the hard "ch" sound (voiceless velar fricative) not found in standard English. English people usually pronounce it "lock", and this pronunciation has also spread into southern Scotland recently.
• Pronunciation of letters of the alphabet
  • H: in Northern Ireland pronounced 'aitch' by Protestants, 'haitch' by Catholics, as per Hiberno-English.
  • Z: in North America pronounced zee in the United States; typically zed in Canada (as per Commonwealth English). Known in American history and popular culture for distinguishing American males who fled to Canada from the US to escape the military draft in the 1960s.
• New England, United States: certain words/phrases are well known in other regions of the United States and often serve as stereotypes or shibboleths for New England natives (especially from the Boston area, considered by many as an informal "standard" or central area of the dialect region. Typical as "How are you?" pronounced in a clipped manner, "H'w ar'ya?", and the well-known "Harvard Yard" (Haahvaahd Yaahd), often in the context of the stereotypical sentence, "Park the car at Harvard Yard" (Paahk the caah at Haahvaahd Yaahd), which gives many instances of this derhotacization.
• Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Natives of this city usually pronounce the word 'water' (WAH-ter) as 'wudder' (WUH-der).
• Southern United States: There are several noticeable differences between the stereotypical pronunciation of Southerners and those of other parts of the United States. Certain vowels experience monophthongization or diphthongization as compared to vowels in other American and North American dialects of English. For example, the vowel [aɪ] in non-Southern dialects may be rendered [a] or [æ] in Southern dialects.
  • Pen: Some people from the Southern United States and Midwest pronounce pen the way other Americans would pronounce pin. Furthermore, some have difficulty hearing the difference between the two. This is known as the Pin-pen merger, and occurs before [n]. Southerners will often add the word "ink" before "pen" to disambiguate.
• Regional vowels
  • Orange: Put as a test by Californians to distinguish natives from rustbelt or New York immigrants, who tend to pronounce a different initial vowel, usually pronouncing the word as [ˈɑɹəndʒ] as compared to [ˈɔɹɪndʒ] or [ˈɔɹəndʒ] as said by native Californians. [ˈɔɹɪndʒ] is not unique to California, however.
  • About: U.S. commentators (and popular culture) have drawn attention to the stereotypical Canadian pronunciation of about. Supposedly, Canadians pronounce it ah-boot, while Americans pronounce it uh-bowt. In fact, many Canadians feel that the shibboleth is more reflective of Toronto pronunciation than a general Canadian pronunciation. (In reality, the pronunciation is closer to "ah-boat," or [əˈbəʊt], as compared to General American [əˈbaʊt]) This phenomenon is known in linguistics as Canadian raising, and is not restricted to just Canada, as many Northern U.S. dialects have clear Canadian Raising as well.
  • Tomato UK pronunciation is [to-mah-to], while US pronunciation is [to-mey-to]. Cole Porter famously used this difference in the verse "I say to-mey-to, you say to-mah-to".
• Place names:
  • Boise, Idaho, USA (the state capital) is pronounced by locals as "boy-see". Most Americans, especially those far removed from Idaho, pronounce it "boi-zee".
  • Pierre, South Dakota, USA (also the state capital) is properly pronounced as "Pier" (as in "dock": /pi:r/). Non-locals will pronounce it like the man's name as in French (/pi'er/).
  • Chili, a suburb of Rochester, New York, is pronounced "chi-lie" (/tSi:li:/), not "chih-lee" (/tSIli:/) as the stew. Visitors to the Rochester area can often be distinguished by this.
  • Couch Street in Portland, Oregon, USA (named after an early settler), is pronounced by locals as rhyming with "pooch" or "smooch" (/u:/ vowel). Visitors and newcomers pronounce it as in the name for a piece of furniture ("couch": /au/ diphthong).
  • Houston Street, New York City, USA: locals pronounce the first syllable identically with "house" (/haus/), while most visitors will employ the same pronunciation as in Houston, Texas (first syllable /hjus/). This is apparently because Houston Street refers to a man who bore the surname Houston, and pronounced it in this way. The city bears the name of a different Houston who pronounced his name in the way most visitors pronounce the street name.
  • Avenue of the Americas, Manhattan, New York City, USA: native New Yorkers typically give the name as "Sixth Avenue", despite the officially re-named version of the street, the only one known to (most) non-natives.
  • Pawtucket, Rhode Island, USA: native Rhode Islanders pronounce the name of the city as "p'tuckit," whereas non-natives will pronounce as "paw-tuck-et."
  • Worcester, Massachusetts, USA: Whereas non-natives will often pronounce as "War-sester" or "War-chester," the correct pronunciation of this city name is "Woo-ster" (wʊstər). However, the true local pronounces it, often in affectionate jest, as "Wuh-stah."
  • Gloucester, Massachusetts, USA: When one first sees this, they will probably think that it is pronounced, 'Glou-Ches-Ter.' However, it is pronounced by locals as, 'Glah-ster,' or, 'Glah-stuh.'
  • New Haven, Connecticut, USA: While most native Connecticuters stress the second word (noo HAY-ven), most outsiders will make the mistake of stressing the first (NOO hay-ven).
  • Appalachia: pronounced "App-uh-LAT-cha" within the central portion of the region, particularly between North Carolina and West Virginia; usually pronounced "App-uh-LAY-sha" elsewhere.
  • Arkansas River: While in most places the name of this river is pronounced the same way as the name of the state of Arkansas (ar-kan-SAW), Kansas typically pronounce it as if the "Ar-" were a prefix added to the name of the state of Kansas (ar-KAN-zis).
  • Cairo, Egypt: The Egyptian city is pronounced "keyero" (/kaɪrəʊ/), whereas assorted American locations of the same name pronounce it differently ("kā·rō", "CARE-oe" or IPA /ˈkeɪɹoʊ/)
  • Milngavie, Glasgow, Scotland: correctly pronounced "mull-guy", but often pronounced "miln-gavee" by non-Glaswegians. (This is elaborated upon in the main article.)
  • Manuka: A locality (not an actual suburb) of Canberra, national capital of Australia. Local pronunciation is MAN-E-KA with equal emphasis on each syllable; new arrivals can be identified by the pronunciation ma-NU-ka with emphasis on the middle syllable.
  • Oamaru, New Zealand: Pronounced locally, and by other natives of the Otago region, as AUH-muh-ROO, a pronunciation borrowed from the local dialect of Māori. Most people from farther north in New Zealand pronounce both initial vowels separately, as o-UH-muh-ROO, borrowed from northern Māori dialects.
  • There is a Scottish proverb involving the surname Dalziel (generally recognised from the BBC TV series 'Dalziel and Pascoe') and the word "devil" (both pronounced 'die-il' in the Scots dialect):
  • Oregon: The correct pronunciate for this US state is "Orygun". However, many non-locals, particularly in the southern and eastern United States, pronounce it "Ore-e-gone". People who use this pronunciation are often looked upon in disdain by native Oregonians.
  • Norfolk, Virginia, USA: Long time residents tend to pronounce the city's name as [nɑfʌk], while other locals will say [noʊɹfɪk]. Non-locals will pronounce the "L" in an effort to avoid a common impolite word.

Dalziel and de'il begin with the ane letter. De'il is nae gude, and Dalziel is nae better

This means " 'Dalziel' and 'devil' begin with the one letter. The Devil is no good, and Dalziel is no better". "Dalziel" is referring to the Scottish clan of that name, and the phrase is intended as a slight against that clan.

English shibboleths for non-native speakers

• Vespene gas (a fictitious gas from the game Starcraft): Arabs tend to mispronounce this phrase, since Arabic lacks v, p, and g.
• Ripley/ripply: If any distinction is made between the two words by a native speaker (rip-lee vs. rip-ul-ee), it will probably be lost by a native speaker of Japanese. Either pronunciation would be very difficult to say properly as the distinction between the R and L sounds is not present in Japanese. Furthermore, Japanese syllables must terminate in either a vowel or n, thus many Japanese would pronounce both words as ri-pu-ri-i, with both r sounds being somewhere between a standard English r and l.
• Refract/reflect: similar problems as with ripley/ripply for speakers of languages that do not distinguish between r and l.
• Thirty/Forty: German is non-rhotic and the "th" sound of English is approximated as "f." As a result, the two numbers can be difficult for Germans to differentiate ("Föty").

Non-English

• Krai kai kai kai or Kai kai kai kai: This phrase is used to teach Thai children the subtleties of their tonal language. When each word is pronounced with the proper tone, the phrase means, "Who sells chicken eggs?"[6]
• Rødgrød med fløde [ˈʁøðgʁøːˀð mɛð ˈfløːðɛ]: This is the standard Danish (English: 'Red porridge with cream').
• A æ u å æ ø i æ å : a well-known Danish vowels-only way of judging someone's ability to speak Jysk, the general dialect of Jutland. Often/usually practiced on visitors from Copenhagen. In standard Danish, the sentence would be Jeg er ude på øen i åen ("I'm on the island in the stream").
• I öa ä e å, o i åa ä e ö, a Swedish phrase from Värmland. "On the island is a river, and in the river an island". In standard Swedish it would be "På ön finns det en å, och i ån finns det en ö".
• Chuchichäschtli [ˈχʊχːiˌχæʃtli] in Swiss German, meaning "little box in the kitchen".
• The sentence a oagnehm grean agstrichns Gartatihrle (a garden door painted in an awful shade of green) serves as Swabian shibboleth. The consecutive nasal sounds are almost unspeakable for other German speakers.
• A Czech shibboleth is Strč prst skrz krk, meaning "stick the finger through the throat".
• Estamos en la huelga is a Spanish phrase meaning "We are on strike". The majority of Spaniards pronounce "huelga" (strike) as [ˈwelga]. Andalusians and Extremadurans, though, often pronounce the elsewhere silent h and intermix l and r, pronouncing "huelga" like the Spanish word "juerga", as [ˈxweɾga]. This will change the meaning of the sentence to "We are having fun". The same happens in the Southwestern region of the Dominican Republic, where for example "mal" (bad) [mahl] is pronounced "mar" (sea) [mahr]. Similarly, Puertoricans change the sound of a mid-word r to an l, thus a Puertorrican will say "I come from Puelto Rico".
• In Spanish, words that contain ll or y in the way used in "callar" and "arroyo" for example have a sound approximating [cah-jar] or [ah-roe-jo]. Most Argentinians and Uruguayans pronounce this sound as an sh combination, making these words sound as [cah-shar] and [a-roe-sho].
• During the Cuban independence war, prisoners caught by the insurgents were asked to pronounce the word "garbanzo". Cubans pronounced the r as l, and z -sounds like th- as s, resulting [gal-ban-so]. Therefore they were considered as traitors.
• 15円 50銭 (jû-go-en, go-jû-sen) was used in Japan after the Great Kantō earthquake to search for Koreans, who were killed. They were accused of poisoning wells.
• Northern-Italian dialects have ü and ö sounds as French or German, which are not present in standard Italian language or southern dialects. Words like alüra (then) or föra (out) may be used to discern whether one is from the north. Comedians Aldo, Giovanni and Giacomo presented a whole scene about a similar shibboleth in their first movie, the lombard word cadrega: a guest, suspected to be a southerner, would be shown a table with many sorts of fruit, and offered to take a cadrega (/ka'drega/), unaware he was actually being offered just a chair (in Italian, sedia /'sedja/).
• Italians travelling abroad and wishing to dine at an Italian restaurant often check the menu's grammar to verify whether the restaurant can be trusted to be authentic. Common errors are missing prepositions as in "spaghetti bolognese" instead of "spaghetti alla bolognese", missing accents, such as "tiramisu" instead of "tiramisù" and uncommon misspellings such as "mozarella" (mozzarella).

• In Chile, the pronunciation of the letter -ch as a -sh is oftenly associated with the lower classes. Hence, humorous phrases like "el shansho con shaleco" (corruption of "el chancho con chaleco", the pig with a sweater) denotes a person with a genuine lower class pronunciation, or just somebody impersonating it, in jest.

Computer security

Within the field of computer security, the word shibboleth is sometimes used with a different meaning than the usual meaning of verbal, linguistic differentiation. The general concept of shibboleth is to test something, and based on that response to take a particular course of action. This principle is frequently used in computer security. The most commonly seen usage is logging on to your computer with a password. If you enter the correct password you can log on to your computer, if you enter an incorrect password, you can go no further.

There are various classes of computer security-related shibboleth.

• Class 1: Something you know; perhaps a password or another fact.
• Class 2: Something you have; a card or a physical tag of some kind.
• Class 3: Something you are; a biometric feature such as a fingerprint or an iris scan.

In general, it is considered more secure to combine various classes of shibboleth, rather than using the approach of just requiring a class 1 shibboleth that is common today. So for example, one might carry a smart card that allows one to login only by both entering a password and passing a biometric test.

See also

• Linguistics
• Phonology
• Shibboleth (Internet2)
• Tongue-twister
• U and non-U Englishde:Schibboleth

fy:Sjibbolet is:Sjibbólet nl:Schibbolet