Fraternity Manuals

Rhodes Scholarship

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The Rhodes Scholarships were created by Englishman Cecil John Rhodes and have been awarded to applicants annually since 1902 by the Oxford-based Rhodes Trust on the basis of academic qualities, as well as those of character. They provide the successful candidate with two years of study at the University of Oxford in England, possibly extended for a third year.

When Rhodes died in 1902, his will stipulated that the greater part of his fortune was to go toward the establishment of a scholarship fund to reward applicants who exhibited worthy qualities of intellect, character, and physical ability.

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Standards

The requirements for applicants are high. Rhodes' legacy specified four standards by which applicants were to be judged:

  • literary and scholastic attainments;
  • energy to use one's talents to the full, as exemplified by fondness for and success in sports;
  • truth, courage, devotion to duty, sympathy for and protection of the weak, kindliness, unselfishness and fellowship;
  • moral force of character and instincts to lead, and to take an interest in one's fellow beings.

Rhodes' legacy originally provided for scholarships for the British colonies, the United States, and Germany. These three were chosen so that "an understanding between the three great powers will render war impossible."

Rhodes, who attended Oxford University, chose his alma mater as the site of his great experiment because he believed its residential colleges provided the ideal environment for intellectual contemplation and personal development.

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Changes

There has been some controversy over the original aim of the scholarships, as Rhodes held what many believe today to be racist opinions about the superiority of the Anglo race, and his intention was to use the scholarships to educate future foreign leaders in England so that they could help spread English influence when they returned to their home countries. However, the Rhodes Trust has since firmly rejected these parts of Rhodes's original ideals.

An early change was the elimination of the scholarships for Germany during World Wars I and II. No German scholars were chosen from 1914 to 1932 nor from 1939 to 1970.

The bequest of Cecil Rhodes was whittled down considerably in the first decades after his death, as various scholarship trustees were forced to pay taxes upon their own deaths. A change occurred in 1929, when an Act of Parliament established a fund separate from the original proceeds of Cecil Rhodes's will. This made it possible to expand the number of scholarships. For example, between 1993 and 1995, scholarships were extended to other countries in the European Community.

Because the Sex Discrimination Act 1975 in the UK did not affect wills, it took another Act of Parliament to change the will of Cecil Rhodes to extend selection criteria in 1977 to include women.

For at least its first 75 years, scholars usually read for a Bachelor of Arts degree. While that remains an option, more recent scholars usually read for an advanced degree.

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Accusations of bias towards traditional sports

The Rhodes Trust has been accused of bias towards more traditional sports, such as cricket and football, as opposed to a wider variety. There have been claims that most Rhodes Scholarship recipients are cricketers or footballers, despite the Trust's claim that it accepts practitioners of all athletic activities.

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Allocations

Approximately 90 Scholars are selected worldwide each year. From 2006, 11 scholarships will be suspended for a period of 5 years, and the scholarship for Hong Kong abolished, following its withdrawal from the Commonwealth.

Country2005 (2006)
allocation		1903
allocation
USA3232
Canada112
Newfoundland11
South Africa
(originally Southern Africa)		105
Australia11 (9)*6
India6 (5)-
Germany4 (2)5
New Zealand31
Caribbean Commonwealth2 (1)-
Kenya2-
Pakistan2 (1)-
Zimbabwe
(originally Rhodesia)		23
Bangladesh1 (-)-
Bermuda11
Hong Kong1 (-)-
Jamaica11
Malaysia1 (-)-
Singapore1 (-)-
Uganda1 (-)-
Zambia1-
* Effective 2007
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Notable Rhodes Scholarship recipients

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Before 1920

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1920s

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1930s

  • Charles Herbert Little (Brasenose 1930), Director of Canadian Naval Intelligence during World War II
  • E. F. Schumacher (Germany & New College 1930), German social theorist
  • Carl B. Albert (Oklahoma & St Peter's 1931), Speaker of U.S. House of Representatives (1971-1977), U.S. Congressman (Oklahoma), 1947-1977
  • Dean Rusk (North Carolina & St John's 1931), U.S. Secretary of State, 1961-1969
  • Adam von Trott zu Solz (Germany & Balliol 1931), German diplomat and anti-Nazi patriot, executed in 1944
  • Ivan A. Getting (Massachusetts & Merton 1933), American weapons scientist and co-inventor of GPS technology
  • Daniel J. Boorstin (Oklahoma & Balliol 1934), U.S. Librarian of Congress, 1975-1987
  • Max Gluckman (Transvaal & Exeter 1934), South African-British-Israeli social anthropologist
  • Sir John M. Templeton (Connecticut & Balliol 1934), businessman and founder of Templeton College, Oxford
  • George C. McGhee (Oklahoma & Queen's 1934), U.S. Ambassador to Turkey (1952-1953) and to Germany (1963-1968)
  • W. R. Jackett (Saskatchewan & Queen's 1934), Chief Justice of the Federal Court of Canada
  • Sir Arnold C. Smith (Ontario & Christ Church 1935), first Secretary-General of the Commonwealth
  • Walter H. Stockmayer (Jesus 1935), American polymer chemist
  • Dan Davin (New Zealand & Balliol 1936), New Zealand novelist and head of Oxford University Press
  • Philip Mayer Kaiser (Wisconsin & Balliol 1936), U.S. Ambassador to Mauritania (1961-1964), Hungary (1977-1980), and Austria (1980-1981), U.S. Assistant Secretary of Labor for International Affairs (1949-1953), Special Assistant to Governor Averell Harriman (1955-1959)
  • Gordon A. Craig (New Jersey & Balliol 1936), American historian and OSS veteran
  • Howard K. Smith (Louisiana & Merton 1937), broadcast journalist
  • W. Denham Sutcliffe (Hertford 1937), English scholar at Bates College, Kenyon, and Harvard.
  • Courtney Craig Smith (Iowa & Merton 1938), educationalist, President of Swarthmore College
  • Byron R. White (Colorado & Hertford 1938), football player, Associate Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court, 1962-1993
  • Dominic Mintoff (Malta & Hertford 1939), Prime Minister of Malta, 1955-1957 & 1971-1984
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1940s

  • Sir Zelman Cowen KBE PC AC (Victoria & New College 1941), Australian jurist and academic, Governor General of Australia
  • Alastair Gillespie OC (McGill, 1947), Canadian cabinet minister
  • Paul J. Bohannan (Arizona & Queen's 1947), American social anthropologist
  • Nicholas de B. Katzenbach (New Jersey & Balliol 1947), U.S. Attorney General, 1965-1966, U.S. Under-Secretary of State, 1966-1969
  • Bernard W. Rogers (Kansas & University 1947), American general, Supreme Allied Commander, NATO
  • Stansfield Turner (Illinois & Exeter 1947), American admiral, Director of Central Intelligence, 1977-1981
  • James M. Hester (California & Pembroke 1947), First Rector of the United Nations University, President of New York University
  • Eric Prabhakar (India & Christ Church 1948), Indian Olympic athlete
  • Guy M. Davenport (North Carolina & Merton 1948), American writer and man of letters
  • R. W. Burchfield (New Zealand & Magdalen 1949), New Zealand lexicographer, editor of the Oxford English Dictionary
  • John N. Turner PC CC QC (British Columbia & Magdalen 1949), Canadian liberal leader and Prime Minister of Canada, 1984
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1950s

  • James H. Billington (New Jersey & Balliol 1950), U.S. Librarian of Congress, 1987-
  • John Brademas (Indiana & Brasenose 1950), American politician, President of New York University, 1981-1992, U.S. Congressman (Indiana), 1959-1981
  • Tanjore R. Anantharaman (India & Trinity 1951), Indian metallurgist
  • Richard N. Gardner (New York & Balliol 1951), U.S. Ambassador to Italy (1977-1981) and to Spain (1993-1997)
  • Stuart Hall (Jamaica & Merton 1951), British cultural theorist
  • Thomas A. Bartlett (Oregon & University 1951), President of the American University in Cairo, 1963-1969, Interim President of AUC, 2002-2003; Chancellor of the University of Alabama System, 1981-1989; Chancellor of the State University of New York, 1994-1996
  • John R. Searle (Wisconsin & Christ Church 1952), American philosopher
  • James A. Gobbo CVO AC QC (Victoria & Magdalen 1952), Australian Supreme Court Judge and Governor of Victoria
  • Elliott H. Levitas (Georgia & University 1952), U.S. Congressman (Georgia), 1975-1985
  • Guido Calabresi (Connecticut & Magdalen 1953), American legal academic, Judge of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the 2nd Circuit, Professor and Dean at Yale Law School
  • Ronald M. Dworkin (Rhode Island & Magdalen 1953), American legal philosopher
  • Edward de Bono (Malta & Christ Church 1953), Maltese writer
  • Julian Ogilvie Thompson (Diocesan College & Worcester 1953), businessman
  • Robert J. L. Hawke (Western Australia & University 1953), Prime Minister of Australia, 1983-1991
  • Laurie Ackermann (Cape Province & Worcester 1954), Justice of the Constitutional Court of South Africa
  • Lord (Leonard) Hoffman (South African College School & Queen's 1954), UK Lord Justice of Appeal
  • Norman F. Cantor (Manitoba & Oriel 1954), Canadian historian of the Middle Ages
  • Richard G. Lugar (Indiana & Pembroke 1954), U.S. Senator for Indiana, 1977-
  • Paul S. Sarbanes (Maryland & Balliol 1954), U.S. Senator for Maryland, 1977-2007
  • Robert O. Paxton (Virginia & Merton 1954), American historian of France
  • Ranjit Roy Chaudhury (India & Magdalen 1955), medical scientist
  • Reynolds Price (North Carolina & Merton 1955), American poet and novelist
  • Lord (Johan) Steyn (Cape Province & University 1955), UK Lord Justice of Appeal
  • Virendra Dayal (India & University 1956), Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations
  • Neil L. Rudenstine (Connecticut & New College 1956), American educator, President of Harvard University, 1991-2001
  • Arthur Kroeger CC (Alberta & Pembroke 1956), Canadian civil servant and diplomat, Chancellor of Carleton University, 1993-2002
  • Ranjit Bhatia (India & Jesus 1957), Indian Olympic athlete
  • Robert I. Rotberg (New Jersey & University 1957), American political scientist
  • Kristoffer Kristofferson (California & Merton 1958), American actor and musician
  • Joseph S. Nye, Jr. (New Jersey & Exeter 1958), American political scientist, Chairman of the National Intelligence Council (1993-1994), Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs (1994-1995), Dean of the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard
  • Jonathan Kozol (Massachusetts & Magdalen 1958), American writer and social activist
  • Manmohan Malhoutra (India & Balliol 1958), Assistant Secretary-General of the Commonwealth
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1960s

  • Richard F. Celeste (Ohio & Exeter 1960), Governor of Ohio (1983-1991), Director of the Peace Corps, U.S. Ambassador to India, President of Colorado College
  • Girish Karnad (India & Lincoln 1960), Indian Kannada-language playwright and film actor
  • Lester C. Thurow (Montana & Balliol 1960), American economist and author, professor of economics at MIT
  • David H. Souter (New Hampshire & Magdalen 1961), Associate Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court, 1990-
  • David B. Frohnmayer (Oregon & Wadham 1962), President of the University of Oregon, 1994-; Attorney General of Oregon, 1980-1991
  • Rex D. Adams (West Virginia & Merton 1962), Chairman of the Board of PBS, Dean of the Fuqua School of Business, Duke University
  • Walter B. Slocombe (Michigan & Balliol 1963), U.S. Under Secretary of Defense for Policy, 1994-2001, Senior Advisor for National Defense for the CPA, Baghdad, 2003
  • David L. Boren (Oklahoma & Balliol 1963), Governor of Oklahoma, 1975-1979); U.S. Senator for Oklahoma, 1979-1994; President of the University of Oklahoma
  • Bryan Gould (New Zealand & Balliol 1963), British politician, Labour MP for Dagenham
  • R. James Woolsey (Oklahoma & St John's 1963), Director of Central Intelligence, 1993-1995
  • Montek Ahluwalia (India & Magdalen 1964), Indian economist, first independent evaluator of IMF
  • Wasim Sajjad (Pakistan & Wadham 1964), Pakistani politician and lawyer, Interim President of Pakistan, Chairman of the Senate
  • J. Gustave Speth (South Carolina & Balliol 1964), Administrator of the United Nations Development Programme, 1993-1999, Dean of School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale
  • Larry Pressler (South Dakota & St Edmund Hall 1964), American politician, U.S. Senator for South Dakota, 1979-1997
  • William W. Bradley (Missouri & Worcester 1965), American politician, NBA star, U.S. Senator for New Jersey, 1979-1997, and Democratic presidential candidate, 2000
  • Aftab Seth (India & Christ Church 1965), Indian Ambassador to Japan
  • Daryl Williams AM QC (1965), Australian politician, Liberal Member of the House of Representatives, 1993-2004, Attorney-General of Australia 1996-2003
  • Wesley K. Clark (Arkansas & Magdalen 1966), American military officer and politician, Supreme Allied Commander, NATO, 1997-2000; Democratic presidential candidate, 2004
  • Terrence F. Malick (Oklahoma & Magdalen 1966), American film director of The Thin Red Line, Badlands, and The New World
  • A. Michael Spence (Ontario & Magdalen 1966), Canadian economist, Nobel Prize in Economics for 2001
  • Right Reverend Thomas Frerking O.S.B. (Harvard 1966), Abbot, Abbey of St. Mary and St. Louis
  • David E. Kendall (Indiana & Worcester 1966), American lawyer, President Clinton's personal lawyer
  • Deepak Nayyar (India & Balliol 1967), Vice Chancellor of Delhi University
  • Thomas H. Allen (Maine & Wadham 1967), American politician, U.S. Congressman (Maine), 1997-
  • David C. Hardesty, Jr. (West Virginia & Queen's 1967), President of West Virginia University
  • Stephen A. Oxman (New Jersey & New College 1967), U.S. Assistant Secretary of State for European and Canadian Affairs, 1993-1994
  • William J. Clinton (Arkansas & University 1968), American politician, 42nd President of the United States, 1993-2001, Governor of Arkansas, 1979-1981 & 1983-1993
  • Robert B. Reich (New Hampshire & University 1968), American commentator and author, U.S. Secretary of Labor, 1993-1997
  • Robert D. McCallum, Jr. (Tennessee & Christ Church 1968), American lawyer, U.S. Associate Attorney General, 2003-
  • Boisfeuillet Jones, Jr. (Georgia & Exeter 1968), Publisher and CEO of The Washington Post
  • Strobe Talbott (Ohio & Magdalen 1968), American diplomat and journalist, U.S. Deputy Secretary of State (1994-2001), President of the Brookings Institution
  • William A. Fletcher (Washington & Merton 1968), Judge of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the 9th Circuit
  • Rex Murphy (Newfoundland & St Edmund Hall 1968), Canadian commentator
  • Danny Williams PC QC (Newfoundland), lawyer and businessman, Canadian politician, Premier of Newfoundland and Labrador
  • Ira Magaziner (Rhode Island & Balliol 1969), White House Senior Aide, 1993-1999, originator of ICANN
  • Christopher R. Laidlaw (New Zealand & Merton 1969), New Zealand All Black, diplomat, MP, author, Human Rights Commissioner and Race Relations Conciliator
  • Robert K. Rae PC OC QC (Ontario & Balliol 1969), Canadian politician, Premier of Ontario
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1970s

  • Geoffrey Robertson QC (Sydney, 1970), barrister and international human rights activist
  • Richard H. Trainor (Rhode Island & Merton 1970), Principal of Kings College London
  • Franklin D. Raines (Washington & Magdalen 1971), Chairman and CEO of Fannie Mae, 1999-2004; Director of the Office of Management and Budget, 1996-1998
  • Kurt L. Schmoke (Maryland & Balliol 1971), Mayor of Baltimore, 1987-1999; Dean of Howard University School of Law
  • James R. Atlas (Illinois & New College 1971), American writer (The New Yorker)
  • James Fallows (California & Queen's 1970), American writer (The Atlantic Monthly)
  • Geoffrey I. Gallop (Western Australia 1972), Premier of Western Australia, 2001-2006
  • Michael E. Kinsley (Michigan & Magdalen 1972), American journalist (Los Angeles Times), founder of Slate magazine, editor of The New Republic
  • Thomas F. Birmingham (Massachusetts & Exeter 1972), President of the Massachusetts Senate, Candidate for Democratic nomintion for Governor of Massachusetts, 2002
  • Kim C. Beazley (1973), Australian politician, Deputy Prime Minister of Australia, Leader of the Opposition
  • Richard N. Haass (Florida & Wadham & St Antony's 1973), President of the Council on Foreign Relations, Director of the Policy Planning Staff at the U.S. Department of State, 2001-2003
  • E. J. Dionne (Massachusetts & Balliol 1973), American journalist and Washington Post columnist
  • Paul Blustein (Wisconsin & Merton 1973), American author and journalist (The Washington Post)
  • Sir Rod Eddington (Western Australia & Lincoln 1974), Former CEO of British Airways
  • C. Thomas McMillan (Maryland & University 1974), NBA basketball player, U.S. Congressman (Maryland), 1987-1993
  • Walter Isaacson (Louisiana & Pembroke 1974), author, President of the Aspen Institute, Managing Editor of Time magazine (1995-2001), Chairman and CEO of CNN
  • Elliot F. Gerson (Connecticut & Magdalen 1974), American Secretary of the Rhodes Trust, Vice President of the Aspen Institute, Deputy Attorney General of Connecticut
  • Edwin Cameron (South Africa-at-Large & Keble 1975), Justice of the Constitutional Court of South Africa, ANC lawyer and AIDS activist
  • Larry J. Sabato (Virginia & Queen's 1975), American political scientist
  • Russell D. Feingold (Wisconsin & Magdalen 1975), U.S. Senator for Wisconsin, 1993-
  • Michael Sandel (Massachusetts & Balliol 1975), American political philosopher and professor at Harvard University
  • Melvin J. Reynolds (Illinois & Lincoln 1975), U.S. Congressman (Illinois), 1993-1995
  • Malcolm Turnbull (Sydney 1978), Australian lawyer, banker, and politician, Liberal Member of the House of Representatives, 2004-
  • C. David Naylor (Ontario & Hertford 1979), Canadian medical researcher, President of the University of Toronto
  • Nancy-Ann Min DeParle (Tennessee & Balliol 1979), Administrator of the U.S. Health Care Financing Administration, 1997-2000
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1980s

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1990s

  • P. Robert Jindal (Louisiana & New College 1992), U.S. Congressman (Louisiana), 2005-, U.S. Assistant Secretary of Health and Human Services, 2001-2004, President of the University of Louisiana System, 1999-2001
  • Nikolas Gvosdev (Florida & St Antony's 1992), editor of The National Interest
  • Noah Feldman (Massachusetts & Christ Church 1992), American author, NYU law professor, constitutional advisor to the Coalition Provisional Authority in Iraq, 2003-2004
  • Nader Mousavizadeh (Denmark & Christ Church 1992), Assistant for Political Affairs to the UN Secretary-General
  • Peter Beinart (Massachusetts & University 1993), editor of The New Republic
  • Rachel Maddow (California & Lincoln 1995), AIDS activist, host of The Rachel Maddow Show
  • Annette Salmeen (California & St John's 1997), American Olympic gold medalist in swimming at Atlanta in 1996
  • Noam Scheiber (Louisiana & Magdalen 1998), American journalist (The New Republic) and blogger
  • Rachel Simmons (New York & Lincoln 1998), American author of Odd Girl Out: The Hidden Culture of Aggression in Girls (Harcourt, 2002)
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Undated

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Centenary degrees

In recognition of the centenary of the foundation of the Rhodes Trust in 2003, five scholars were awarded honorary degrees by the University of Oxford:

  • John Brademas (Indiana & Brasenose 1950), President of New York University, U.S. Congressman (Indiana), 1959-1981
  • Robert J. L. Hawke (Western Australia & University 1953), Prime Minister of Australia, 1983-1991
  • Rex Nettleford (Jamaica 1957), Vice-Chancellor of the University of the West Indies, author, dance director
  • David R. Woods (Natal & University 1963), Vice-Chancellor of Rhodes University
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Notable Universities

U.S. Institutions With the Most Rhodes Scholars (1947-2006)
1947-1998 1999-2003 2004-2006 Totals (rough)
Harvard University 4.7 2.8 3.0 315
Yale University 2.9 1.8 2.0 166
Princeton University 2.3 1.0 0.7 126
United States Military Academy 1.1 2.0 1.0 70
Stanford University 1.1 0.8 1.7 66
University of Virginia 1.0 1.0 1.3 59
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 0.7 0.3 0.7 38
Dartmouth College 0.7 0.3 0.3 39
Naval Academy 0.5 0.2 2.3 34
Air Force Academy 0.6 0.2 0.3 33
University of Chicago 0.4 1.0 2.0 32
Duke University 0.4 1.3 1.3 31
Massachusetts Institute of Technology 0.4 0.8 0.7 27

Adapted from the New York Times

The United States Naval Academy had the largest number of winners in the 2006 school year with a total of four.

Mount Allison University has produced more Rhodes Scholars per capita than any other university in the British Commonwealth. The latest, elected in 2006, was the school's 46th.

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Former Trustees

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External links

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