Queen regnant

From Open Encyclopedia

Image:Ac.cleopatra.jpg A queen regnant is a female monarch who possesses all the monarchal powers that a king would have without regard to gender. This is in contrast with a queen consort, who is merely the spouse of a reigning king, and on her own has no official powers of state.

Technically, a king may also be a "king regnant" or a "king consort" - but this distinction is unusual and has been used only twice in the history of the British and its predecessor monarchies. The husband of Mary I of England and Ireland and the second husband of Mary I, Queen of Scots were both created king consorts of their wives' realms, but they were not liked, and the marriages were short. The husband of Mary II, Queen of England and Ireland, and Queen of Scots, was named king regnant co-sovereign with her, as William III of England, II of Scots, and I of Ireland - but this was the only occasion of co-sovereignty, at least officially. Thereafter, the husbands of queens regnant in Britain have been informally styled princes consort (the formal title "Prince Consort," however, being reserved by history to Prince Albert, the husband of Queen Victoria).

Accession of queens regnant occurs as a nation's order of succession permits. Methods of succession (to kingships, tribal chiefships, etc.) include nomination (the sitting monarch or a council names an heir), primogeniture (children of a monarch or chief, in order of birth, eldest to youngest), and ultimageniture (children in order of birth, youngest to eldest). The scope of succession may be patrilineal, matrilineal or both; or, rarely (usually only when necessary), open to general election. Right of succession by gender may be open to men and women, limited to men only, or limited to women only. Right of succession is also freqently limited to certain religious groups. In Britain, for example, because the monarch is Head of the Church of England - and the Church of England is Anglican Episcopal - the monarch must, by law, not be a Roman Catholic.

The most typical succession from the late Middle Ages through the Twentieth Century was male primogeniture with secondary female primogeniture. That is, the sons of the king succeeded in order of their birth, and then the daughters after the sons. Many realms historically forbade succession by women, however, in obedience to the law of the Salic Franks; and some still do.

Thus, when Ferdinand of Aragon died, he was succeed by his grandson, Charles, instead of his daughter, Joan - who had already succeeded her mother, Isabella, as Queen of Castile - because Aragon followed the Salic law whereas Castile recognise the right of women to rule. Likewise, the King of the Netherlands used to be Grand Duke of Luxembourg. But when the last Dutch king died in 1890 and was succeeded by his daughter, obedience to the Salic law prevented Luxembourg from accepting her as Grand Duchess in her own right.

In the waning days of the Twentieth Century, Sweden, Norway, Belgium, and the Netherlands amended their acts of succession to primogeniture with no gender preference. In some cases, the change does not take effect until the generation following the current generations in existence - to avoid dispossessing people who were already in the succession in a particular position.

1 List of queens regnant
2 See also

[edit]

List of queens regnant

[edit]

Scotland / England / Britain / UK / Commonwealth

Image:Ac.thequeen.jpg

Matilda (or Maud) of England (never reigned 1141) – deposed. Styled herself "Lady of the English." She was named heir by her father upon securing the loyalty of nobles of the realm, but Count Stephen of Blois contradicted his promise after the king's death and made himself King of England instead of Maud/Matilda. Civil war ensued and was ended when the crown was secured to Maud/Matilda's son, who became the first king of the House of Plantagenet.
Margaret, Queen of Scots (reigned March 19, 1286 – September 26, 1290). Known as the Maid of Norway, she was the daughter of the King of Norway and the late crown princess of Scots. She died on the sea journey to Scotland.
Mary I, Queen of Scots (reigned December 14, 1542 – July 24, 1567). She became queen when she was six days old, was crowned at age 5, and promptly engaged to the Dauphin of France - the future Francis II.
Queen Jane (reigned July 10 – July 19, 1553) – unlawfully succeeded her cousin, Edward VI (his nomination of Jane as heir to the realm had not been approved by Parliament, thus could not supercede his father's deed of succession); nevertheless, she was England's first queen regnant. She is called "The Nine Days Queen."
Mary I of England (reigned July 19, 1553 – November 17, 1558). Reckoned the second and subsequent years of her reign as though Jane had never been Queen.
Elizabeth I of England (term November 17, 1558 – March 24, 1603).
Mary II of England/Mary II, Queen of Scots (reigned February 13/April 11, 1689 – December 28, 1694).
Anne, Queen of England, Scotland and Ireland; later, Queen of Great Britain and Queen of Ireland (reigned March 8, 1702 – August 1, 1714).
Victoria of the United Kingdom (reigned June 20, 1837 – January 22, 1901).
Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom (reigned February 6, 1952 – present).

[edit]

Margaret I, Queen of Denmark (1375 – 1412), Queen of Norway (1388 – 1412), Regent of Sweden (1389 – 1412)
Margaret II (1972 – present)

[edit]

Spain/Castile

Isabella of Castile
Joanna of Castile, reputedly mad after the death of her husband, she was effectively deposed by her father, King Ferdinand of Aragon, who rule Castile as her regent until his death; then her son, Charles, who was named King of Aragon (which followed the Salic Law) ruled as regent for his mother until her death. On Charles' abdication, his son, Philip, became the first monarch of the now united Kingdom of Spain.
Isabella II of Spain

[edit]

Portugal

[edit]

Austria, Hungary and Bohemia

Maria Theresa, Archduchess of Austria, Queen of Hungary and Bohemia

[edit]

Aceh

Seri Ratu Niharsyah the Sultana of Samudera Pasai.
Seri Ratu Ta'jul Alam Shah the Sultana of Atjeh (Aceh) Darussalam. Formerlly known as Puteri Seri Alam the Daughter of The Great Sultan Iskandar Muda, and wife of Sultan Iskandar Thani. She rulled Atjeh for nearly 36 years.
Seri Ratu Keumalat Shah the god daughter of Ratu Ta'jul Alam.
Seri Ratu Inayat Shah The god daughter of Ratu Ta'jul Alam.

[edit]