Official Opposition (Canada)

fr:Opposition officielle (Canada) Her Majesty's Loyal Opposition (French: L'Opposition Loyale de Sa Majesté) in Canada is usually the largest parliamentary opposition party in the Canadian House of Commons that is not in government either on its own or as part of a governing coalition. This is usually the second-largest party in a legislative house, although in certain unusual circumstances, it may be a third or fourth party or even the largest party.

It is styled as "Her Majesty's Loyal Opposition" to show that, although the group may be against the sitting government, it remains loyal to the Crown (the embodiment of the Canadian state), and thus to Canada.

The current Official Opposition is the Liberal Party of Canada, since the Conservative Party of Canada was sworn in as government on February 6, 2006.

The Official Opposition is viewed as the party tasked with keeping the government in check. It is also generally viewed as the alternative government. The Official Opposition maintains a shadow cabinet of Members of Parliament (MPs) that often have the same portfolios as actual ministers. They are known as opposition "critics", or "spokespersons".

There are some benefits to being Official Opposition. The Official Opposition is the party that gets to speak first after the government, and gets more time in question period than any other party. It also gets more funding for research and staff than other parties.

As a result of the 1925 election, the Official Opposition was actually the largest party in the House of Commons, the Conservatives. The Liberals, led by William Lyon Mackenzie King, were able to form a minority government despite the fact that they had a dozen fewer seats than the Conservatives because King's Liberals were able to win the support of the Progressives to remain in government. Similarly, in Ontario, the Ontario Liberal Party was able to form a minority government from 1985 to 1987 despite having fewer seats than the Ontario Progressive Conservative Party because of the support of the Ontario New Democratic Party.

In 1993, the Reform Party challenged whether the Quebec sovereigntist Bloc Québécois could hold the position of official opposition. The Speaker ruled in favour of the Bloc, however.

The leader of the Opposition party is called the "Leader of the Opposition" and may live in Stornoway, the leader's official residence in Ottawa.

There is also an Official Opposition in the Canadian Senate. This is the largest party in the Senate that is not in government. As the governing party is determined in the House of Commons, the Official Opposition in the Senate may actually be larger than the government party in the Senate. It is customary, however, for the Senate to pass legislation approved in the House of Commons even if the government has a minority in the Senate.

The party that forms Official Opposition in the Senate is not necessarily the same party as in the House of Commons, however. From 1993 to 2003, the Official Opposition in the Senate was the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada, even though the Bloc Québécois from the Official Opposition in the House from 1993 to 1997, followed by the Reform Party of Canada, and then the Canadian Alliance from 1997 to 2003. This is because the BQ, and Reform Party had no Senators. However, when Senator Gerry St. Germain crossed the floor from the Progressive Conservatives to the Canadian Alliance in 2000, he argued that he should be recognized as Leader of the Opposition in the Senate as the Canadian Alliance formed the Official Opposition in the House of Commons. The Speaker of the Canadian Senate ruled against him, however, as the Progressive Conservatives were the larger opposition party.

	Official Opposition	Years
	Liberal Party	1867-1874
	Conservative Party	1874-1878
	Liberal Party	1878-1896
	Conservative Party	1896-1911
	Liberal Party	1911-1921
	Conservative Party1	1921-1926
	Liberal Party	1926
	Conservative Party	1926-1930
	Liberal Party	1930-1935
	Conservative Party2	1935-1945
	Progressive Conservative Party	1945-1957
	Liberal Party	1957-1963
	Progressive Conservative Party	1963-1979
	Liberal Party	1979-1980
	Progressive Conservative Party	1980-1984
	Liberal Party	1984-1993
	Bloc Québécois3	1993-1997
	Reform Party3	1997-2000
	Canadian Alliance3,4	2000-2004
	Conservative Party5	2004-2006
	Liberal Party	2006-

Notes:

¹ From 1921 to 1924, the Progressive Party of Canada had more MPs than the Conservative Party, but it turned down the chance of being Official Opposition, and the position passed to the Tories.

² The Conservative Party became the Progressive Conservative Party in 1945.

³ House of Commons only. The Progressive Conservative Party formed the Official Opposition in the Senate during this period.

⁴ The Reform Party became the Canadian Alliance in 2000.

⁵ The Canadian Alliance and the Progressive Conservative Party merged to form the Conservative Party in 2004.

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