Monarchy
From Open Encyclopedia
- For related meanings see also Monarch (disambiguation)
A monarchy, (from the Greek monos, "one," and archein, "to rule") is a form of government that has a monarch as Head of State. The distinguishing characteristic of monarchy is that the Head of State holds their office for life, unlike in a republic, where a president is normally elected for a certain amount of time. There are currently 29 extant monarchies in the world.
The term monarchy is also used to refer to the people (especially the dynasty, also known as 'royalty') and institutions that make up the royal/imperial... establishment, or to the realm or other state over which the monarchy reigns. In most countries with monarchies, the monarch serves as a symbol of continuity and statehood. Many states have a strong convention against the monarch becoming involved in partisan politics (the Central African Empire was an exception). In some cases, the symbolism of monarchy alongside the symbolism of democracy can lead to division over the apparently contradictory principles.
Monarchies are one of the oldest forms of government, with echoes in the leadership of tribal chiefs. Many monarchies began with the Monarch as the local representative and temporary embodiment of the deity: (King of Babylon). The Monarch often ruled at the pleasure of the deity and was overthrown or sacrificed when it became apparent that supernatural sanction had been withdrawn: emperor of China, Mayan kings, Achaemenid King of Kings of Persia. Other Monarchs derived their power by acclamation of the ruling or of the warrior caste of a clan or group of clans: Kings of the Franks, Roman emperors. Even where law is simply the monarch's will, the king must rule by custom.
Since 1800, many of the world's monarchies have ceased to have a monarch and become republics, or become parliamentary democracies. Democratic countries which retain monarchy have by definition limited the monarch's power, with most having become constitutional monarchies. In England, this process began with the Magna Carta of 1215, although it did not reach democratic proportions until after the Glorious Revolution in 1689. Among the few states that have absolute monarchies are Swaziland, Brunei, Bhutan, Saudi Arabia, and Kuwait. In Jordan and Morocco, the Monarch retains considerable power. There are also recent (2003) developments in Liechtenstein, wherein the regnant prince was given the Constitutional power to dismiss the government at will. Nepal saw several contradictory trends related to the violent rebel movement and the killings by the suicidal crown prince.
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Types of monarchy
In an absolute monarchy, the Monarch has power over every aspect of the state, and a constitution may be granted or withdrawn, while in a constitutional monarchy he is subject to it as well as any citizen (though it may grant him such priviliges as inviolability). Modern versions tend to survive only in societies with sufficient technology to allow the concentration and organization of power, but not to allow education and rapid communication The economic structure of such monarchies is often of concentrated wealth, with the majority of the population living either as agricultural serfs, or, as in Gulf Monarchies, a paternalistic model showering benefits on the citizens (while politically they may remain subjects) and importing cheap foreign labor.
In some cases, a hereditary monarchy exists, but actual power resides in the military, as often has been the case in Thailand and Japan (see Shogun). In Fascist Italy a monarchy coexisted with a fascist party for longer than such co-existences occurred in Romania, Hungary or Greece. Spain under Francisco Franco was officially a monarchy even though there was no monarch on the throne; upon his death, Franco was succeeded as head of state by King Juan Carlos.
There have also been situations in which a dictator proclaimed himself Monarch of a previous republic, thus starting a self-proclaimed monarchy with no historical ties to a previous dynasty. The most famous example of this was general Napoleon Bonaparte who created himself Emperor of France (formerly a kingdom) after legally assuming political control of the French Republic as First Consul for life; a blatant imitation of his empire was that of Bokassa I in the very poor Central African Empire.
On several occasions throughout history, the same person has served as Monarch of separate independent states, in a situation known as a personal union. An empire was traditionally ruled by a monarchy whose leader may have been known by different titles in his different realms. Several former colonies of the British Empire, such as Australia, Canada, Jamaica, and New Zealand, continue to recognize the British Monarch as their own, under a separate title for each country. In other cases, such as England and Scotland, a personal union was the precursor to a merger of the states.
Succession
The rules for selection of Monarchs varies from country to country. In constitutional monarchies the rule of succession is generally embodied in a law passed by a representative body, such as a parliament.
Elective monarchies, distinguished by the Monarchs being appointed for life, have in most cases been succeeded by hereditary monarchies, but both secular sovereign nation cases at present are 20th century creations. In the hereditary system, the position of Monarch involves inheritance according to an order of succession, usually within one royal family tracing its origin back to a historical dynasty or bloodline. In some cases the ruling family may claim to hold authority by virtue of God's choosing, as reflected in the stle-phrase by the Grace of God, or other religion-based authority.
The order of succession in most European monarchical states of the 21st century is by primogeniture, meaning the eldest son of the monarch is first in line, followed by his male, then female siblings in order of age. In earlier times, the succession was often unclear and this led to a number of wars. Currently, there is some controversy over the succession laws of some monarchies in the European Union (EU), such as that of the United Kingdom (UK) or the Scandinavian monarchies, which require their Monarch to be of a certain faith (in the UK under the Act of Settlement 1701). This has been challenged as violating EU rules that prohibit religious disqualification for positions of state authority.
Some autocratic states can appear to have introduced inheritance for the head of state without declaring themselves to be monarchies, such as Syria and North Korea. See family dictatorship.
Destruction of monarchies
Monarchies can come to an end in several ways. There may be a revolution in which the monarchy is overthrown; or, as in Italy, there may be a referendum in which the electorate decides to form a republic. In some cases, as with England and Spain, the monarchy has been overthrown and then restored. Countries may regard themselves as monarchies without a named monarch, as Spain did from 1947 to 1975, and Hungary from 1920 to 1944.
A person who claims to be the legitimate heir to a deposed (or is in the royalist view suspended) monarchy is called a pretender.
See also abolished monarchies for a list of recently abolished monarchies.
Unusual examples
Sometimes, component members of federal states are monarchies, even though the federal state as a whole is not; for example each of the emirates that form the United Arab Emirates has its own monarch (an emir).
Another unique situation is Malaysia, in which the federal king, called the Yang di-Pertuan Agong or Paramount Ruler, is elected for a five year term from and by the nine sultans who are the hereditary rulers of the States of the Malay peninsula.
In addition to his spiritual role as Supreme Pontiff, the Pope is the absolute Monarch of the Vatican City. He is elected by (and customarily from among) the College of Cardinals. (Since the Catholic episcopate is celibate, naturally there can be no official hereditary succession to the papal throne.) Notwithstanding this the papacy has often been under the control of powerful Italian families. Several popes have been succeeded by near relatives, in some cases by their own sons (officially described as nephews).
The last co-principality, Andorra, has two co-princes: the Bishop of Urgell in Spain (thus a Prince-Bishop), and the President of France—a unique case where an independent country's Monarch is democratically elected by the citizens of another country, which is not even in full personal union.
Samoa is often disputably described as a monarchy. The president-for-life, or "o le Ao o le Malo" is Malietoa Tanumafili II, a member of one of the three princely families. The Constitution designates him Head of State for life with a royal style, but he will be succeeded by an elected president.
Current monarchies
There are curently 29 active monarchies. (see also List of countries by system of government)
| Commonwealth Realm: The following sovereign states are part of the Commonwealth of Nations, and recognize the British Monarch as the Sovereign Head of state. With the exception of the United Kingdom itself, there is a Governor-General that represents the current Monarch, Queen Elizabeth II. See also List of Titles and Honours of Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom | |
| State | Governor-General |
| Antigua and Barbuda | Sir James Carlisle |
| Australia | Michael Jeffery |
| the Bahamas | Dame Ivy Dumont |
| Barbados | Sir Clifford Husbands |
| Belize | Sir Colville Young |
| Canada | Michaëlle Jean |
| Grenada | Sir Daniel Williams |
| Jamaica | Sir Howard Cooke |
| New Zealand, Cook Islands, Niue | Dame Silvia Cartwright |
| Papua New Guinea | Sir Paulias Matane |
| Saint Kitts and Nevis | Sir Cuthbert Sebastian |
| Saint Lucia | Dame Pearlette Louisy |
| Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | Ralph Gonsalves |
| Solomon Islands | Sir Nathaniel Waena |
| Tuvalu | Filoimea Telito |
Not only are the Monarchs of constitutive monarchies part of the federal establishment of both present elective monarchies (Malaysia, mainly sultanates, and the UAE, so named after its emirates), in many other modern states -often republics- tribal and other traditional states persist, with a dynasty that retains a court and often local prestige and influence; some are officially installed with the consent of the official government (as some of the many in Indonesia- waiting for the go-ahead can mean years of vacancy on the throne), other merely condoned, or even in exile.
In many countries that are legally republics, there is an heir to the throne who is recognized by part of the nation. A list of such countries is available in the pretender article.
See also
- Abolished monarchies
- Canadian monarchy
- Dutch monarchy
- Emperor of Japan
- Family as a model for the state
- Feudalism
- Theocracy
- Indonesian Monarchies
- Monarchies of Ethiopia
- List of Nigerian traditional states
- Cokossian Monarchy
- Kotokolian Monarchy
- Monarchies of Burma
- Wogodogo Monarchy
- Tenkodogo Monarchy
Sources, References and External links
- The Monarchist
- The Monarchist League
- Theodore's Royalty and Monarchy Page
- RoyalArk
- WorldStatesmen- by present country
| Sovereign Monarchies in the present World |
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| Commonwealth realms: Antigua and Barbuda | Australia | Bahamas | Barbados | Belize | Canada | Grenada | Jamaica | Lesotho | New Zealand | Papua New Guinea | Saint Kitts and Nevis | Saint Lucia | Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | Samoa | Solomon Islands | Swaziland | Tonga | Tuvalu | United Kingdom |
| Other European (Christian traditions): Andorra | Belgium | Denmark | Liechtenstein | Luxembourg | Monaco | Netherlands | Norway | Spain | Sweden | Vatican City (electoral Pope) |
| Oriental traditions: Bahrain | Bhutan | Brunei | Cambodia | Japan | Jordan | Kuwait | Malaysia (electoral King) | Morocco | Nepal | Oman | Qatar | Saudi Arabia | Thailand | United Arab Emirates (electoral 'President') |
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