Milton Keynes
From Open Encyclopedia
| Image:Milton Keynes dot.png | |
| Statistics | |
|---|---|
| Population: | 177,500 (2001) |
| Ordnance Survey | |
| OS grid reference: | Maps for SP852387 |
| Administration | |
| Unitary authority: | Milton Keynes |
| Region: | South East England |
| Nation: | England |
| Other | |
| Police force: | Thames Valley |
| Ceremonial county: | Buckinghamshire |
| Historic county: | Buckinghamshire |
| Post office and telephone | |
| Post town: | MILTON KEYNES |
| Postal district: | MK1 - MK15 |
| Dialling code: | 01908 |
| Politics | |
| UK Parliament: | North East Milton Keynes Milton Keynes South West |
| European Parliament: | South East England |
| Image:Flag of England.svg | |
Milton Keynes (pronounced1 [ˌmɪltənˈkiːnz]) is a purpose-built, high technology city in South East England. It is located 46 miles (74 km) north west of Charing Cross in London and approximately mid-way between Oxford and Cambridge. With other towns it forms the unitary authority of the Borough of Milton Keynes.
Origins
The New City was designated by Parliament in 1967 and deliberately located roughly equidistant between London, Birmingham, Leicester, Oxford and Cambridge with the intentention that it would be self sustaining and eventually become a major regional centre in its own right. It contains within its boundaries the towns of Bletchley, Wolverton and Stony Stratford and the villages of New Bradwell, Shenley, Loughton, Woughton, Broughton and of course Milton Keynes Village. (See footnote 1 for pronunciations.) Milton Keynes is the largest of the so-called "new towns" built during the 1960s to allow for urban expansion in the southeast of England and is the only "New City". When Milton Keynes was designated, some 60,000 people lived in what is now the Borough. By the 2001 Census, the population had reached 177,500 (181,000 in the contiguous urban area) and is planned to exceed 300,000 by 2030.
Design and planning was delegated to the Milton Keynes Development Corporation (Chair: Lord Campbell of Easkan; CEO Fred Lloyd Roche). Their strongly post-modernist designs featured regularly in the magazines Architectural Design and the Architects' Journal. However, the Government wound up MKDC in the early 90s, transferring control to the Commission for New Towns and then finally to English Partnerships. Design guidance was weakened and subsequent built environment developments are considered barely distinguishable from the anonymous suburbs of other towns and cities around the UK. Conversely, the "river valleys, water courses and extensive landscape buffers within Milton Keynes provide a good example of how environmental assets can be integrated into new development." (MK&SM Study). The environment is under control of the Parks Trust and continues to be one of the major attractions to living in the city.
The New City encompassed a landscape that has a rich historic legacy. The CLUTCH Club Milton Keynes site holds a collection of archival photos and recorded interviews compiled by residents of the older villages incorporated within Milton Keynes. Larger MK-related historical collections have been created at The Living Archive, and a broader family of sites and links to archeological studies of Milton Keynes is maintained by the Milton Keynes Heritage Association, which "exists to encourage and develop co-operation and co-ordination between all members having an interest in heritage within the Milton Keynes district."
City status
Although legally still a town (since city status in the United Kingdom is only possible through grant of Royal Charter), Milton Keynes was designed to be, and behave as, a small city.
Urban design: Layout of the New City
The city's layout was planned on a grid pattern of approximately 1 km interval, rather than the more conventional spider-web pattern seen elsewhere in older settlements. The major roads are drawn between communities, rather than through them: the major roads are known locally as grid roads and the spaces between them are known as grid squares. Consequently each grid square is a semi-autonomous community, making a unique collective of 100 urban spaces within the overall city milieu. The grid squares have a variety of development styles, ranging from normal urban development and industrial parks, to original rural and modern urban and pseudo-rural developments. Despite the clear success of this arrangement (in building and defining communities), English Partnership's proposal for the next phase of expansion is to abandon it in favour of large scale, mixed traffic, ribbon development. They believe that this is "sustainable" and that people will cease to use their cars in favour of public transport.
Although the grid roads have conventional names such as Portway and Saxon Street, their original planning designations have stuck and locals are more comfortable with the shorthand "H5" and "V7" (where V is vertical or north/south and H is horizontal or east/west). The Vs are Streets and the Hs are Ways.
The road that goes through the city centre, Midsummer Boulevard, is named because it is aligned so that the sun shines directly along it on midsummer each year.
The flood plains of the Great Ouse and of its tributaries (the Ouzel and some brooks) have been protected as linear parks that run right through the city. The Grand Union Canal is another green route (and demonstrates the level topology of the city - there is just one minor lock in its entire 10 mile route through from Fenny Stratford to the Iron Trunk Aqueduct at Wolverton.
The concepts that heavily influenced the design of the city are described in detail in article Urban planning - see especially "cells" (= grid squares) under Planning and aesthetics; but see also article Single-use zoning.
Cycling and walking
Milton Keynes has a 200km network of cycleways/paths for pedestrians and cyclists called Redways, generally surfaced with red tarmac, which criss-cross most of city. Some of these Redways run next to the grid roads and local roads, with underpasses or bridges where they intersect major roads. Others run through park land and along the flood plain of the Great Ouse and its tributaries. One of the aims of the Redways was to make travel for pedestrians and cyclists convenient, safe, pleasant and accident free, but a study2 suggests that the system has only partially met these expectations, with low use outside weekends and a questionable safety record. In addition, the secluded semi-rural nature of many redways that make them pleasant by day can make them feel threatening after dark. Using the Redways can be frustrating for experienced cyclists, because they tend to go under or over the roads, rather than vice versa. The frequent changes in gradient, and circuitious routing, can be tiring, demanding on cycle and cyclist, and lead to slow journey times. But for the prepared cyclist, the redways provide a convenient, pleasant way to commute within Milton Keynes. Because they take in the most scenic areas, the redways provide an excellent leisure facility. The library provides free maps of the better tourist routes. Hardcore cyclists prefer to use the grid roads, but the dual carriageways, roundabouts and 60 mph limits makes this an option best suited to the confident and experienced. That said, from 1987 to 1998 there was only one fatal cyclist collision on the grid roads, versus six fatalities involving cyclists using the Redway system, though five of these involved motor-car/cyclist collisions at roadway/redway intersections2. The number of cyclists using the Redways is far higher than the number using the roads and their experience far lower, but there are no normalised statistics to show which on average is safer.
The national SUSTRANS cycle network runs to and through the city. The Swans Way long distance path does the same.
Culture
Milton Keynes has a 1400 seat theatre/concert hall[1] (Blonski-Heard, 1999), whose high booking rate allows it to lay claim to the title "Britain's most popular theatre". (The theatre has a unusual feature: the ceiling can be lowered closing off the third tier (gallery) to create a more intimate space for smaller scale productions.)
Apart from the building itself (exterior surface by Michael Craig-Martin), the city art gallery[2] (next to the main theatre) does not have a permanent collection. This allows it to host edgy shows to critical acclaim.
In Wavendon, on the south-east edge of the city, The Stables provides a venue for jazz (especially), blues, folk, rock, classical, pop and world music and is closely associated with jazz artists Cleo Laine and John Dankworth. The venue also hosts an annual summer camp for musical kids.
Near Loughton and Furzton, the open air National Bowl is a 65,000 "seat" venue for large scale rock (and classical) concerts. The main article lists many of the famous bands to have played there, and lists DVD recordings of their performances.
Another music venue, very popular with teenagers, is The Pitz in Woughton Centre. It usually features a mixture of punk, alternative rock, and heavy metal.
There are two museums, the Bletchley Park museum of wartime cryptography and the Milton Keynes Museum (including the "Stacey Hill Collection" of rural life that existed before the foundation of the new city).
Education
The city is home to a University, the Open University, though the only students resident on campus are approximately 200 postgraduates and the majority of Open University students are distance learners. It is the largest academic institution in the UK with 180,000 students.
Cranfield University, another postgraduate school, is located just outside the city, in Cranfield.
Milton Keynes College provides Further Education to Foundation Degree level.
Primary, middle, secondary and special schools in Milton Keynes are connected to the internet through a mixed wired and wireless broadband network, known as MKSchools.net that serves over 25,000 pupils in 90 schools (listed on the MKSchools.net site and also in an older listing with links to many schools on the UK SchoolsWebDirectory.
Other Amenities
- Central Milton Keynes is an important regional retail centre. The centre:MK also houses Middleton Hall which plays host to exhibitions, fairs and displays throughout the year.
- Milton Keynes is home to the National Badminton Centre and the National Hockey Stadium, (which is also the temporary home ground to Milton Keynes Dons F.C., pending completion of a permanent 30,000 seater stadium near Bletchley).
- The city is an important venue for street skateboarding. There is now a dedicated "urban" skate park[3] next to the bus station, but the wide spaces, slopes and edges of the main railway station plaza remain very popular.
- There is a high security Prison, HMP Woodhill, on the western boundary of the city.
- There is an YHA youth hostel in Bradwell village at OS ref SP831395 on the Sustrans long distance trail.
- The Theatre District consists of many bar, pubs, restaurants and clubs.
- Nearby, the Xscape dome includes Britain's first indoor snow slope, a multiplex cinema and sports-related retail outlets.
- Near the station, the ice rink is used by Milton Keynes Lightning for professional ice hockey as well as leisure skating.
- More than one million visitors come to Willen Lakeside Park each year to play, picnic, take part in watersports, jog, attend events or simply sit and watch the world go by. You can take a walk of approximately 1.75 miles around the South Lake
- Milton Keynes Borough Council offers an advanced recycling service, with an important regional recycling factory in Old Wolverton.
Pre-history
The historical settlements have been focal points for the modern development of the new city. Every grid square has historical antecedents, if only in the field names. The more obvious ones are listed here.
Bancroft Park
The foundations of a Romano-British farm are to be seen in what is now the North Loughton Park, overlooking the Shenley Brook. This part of the brook is part of the flood control system and there is a permanent wetland that is home to water creatures, notably Odonata (dragon flies and damsel flies).
Bletchley
- Main article: Bletchley, Milton Keynes
Image:Bletchley Park.jpg The present day name of Bletchley is Anglo Saxon and means Blæcca's wood. It was first recorded in manorial rolls in the 12th century as Blechelai. Its station was a major Victorian junction (the London and North Western Railway with the Oxford-Cambridge line), leading to the huge urban growth in the town in that period. It expanded to absorb the villages of Water Eaton and Fenny Stratford.
Also within the parish is the stately Bletchley Park, which, during the Second World War, was home to the Government Code and Cypher School. The famous Enigma code was cracked here, using what was arguably the world's first programmable computer, Colossus. The house is now a museum of war memorabilia, cryptography and computing.
Bradwell
The Benedictine Priory at Bradwell was of major economic importance in this area of North Buckinghamshire before the Dissolution of the Monasteries. The routes of the medieval trackways converge on the site from some distance (many of which are now Redways or bridleways). Nowadays, there is only a small medieval chapel and a manor house occupying the site. The house is the base for the City Discovery Centre and provides a meeting point for various societies such Astronomy and Natural History. The West Coast Main Line (railway line) now splits the abbey from the later hamlet.
New Bradwell, to the north of the medieval Bradwell (Abbey) and just across the canal and the railway to the east of Wolverton, was built specifically for railway workers. Its grid pattern is echoed (on a far larger scale) by the new city. It has a working windmill. The level bed of the old tramway from Newport Pagnell to Wolverton ends here and has been converted to a redway, making it a favourite route for cycling.
Broughton
Broughton1 was a tiny hamlet on the old Northampton to London turnpike, joining Watling Street at Fenny Stratford. It is near Junction 14 of the M1.
Caldecotte
Caldecotte is small hamlet, originally of 8 houses, in the south east of Milton Keynes near Bow Brickhill, now largely surrounded by a balancing lake.
Fenny Stratford
The name Fenny Stratford is an Anglo Saxon expression meaning "marshy ford on a Roman road". The Roman road in this case is the Watling Street. There are traces of the Roman settlement Magiovinium on the edge of the present day occupation. The town was recorded in manorial rolls in 1252 as Fenni Stratford, though previously it was just known as Stratford: the prefix being added to distinguish the town from nearby Stony Stratford.
The town grew in the canal era, when the Grand Union Canal came through. The lock at Fenny Stratford steps up a whole foot. The next lock northwards is at Cosgrove in Northamptonshire, just north of Wolverton.
With the coming of the railway, Fenny declined and was swept up by the minor hamlet to the east, Bletchley, which grew to be a brash railway town. There is still a small railway station here.
Great Linford
Written as Great Linford to distinguish it from the even tinier Little Linford across the River Ouse, the village is another on the Grand Union Canal. The name Linford is thought to derive from the crossing point over the river, where there were linden trees. It appears in the Domesday Book as Linforde, and features a church to Saint Andrew dating from 1215. Today, the outer buildings of the seventeenth-century manor house form an Arts Centre, and the house itself is a prestigious recording studio.
Loughton
The present day name of Loughton1 is Anglo Saxon in origin, and means 'Luhha's estate'. In the Domesday Book of 1086 the village was recorded as Lochintone. The village is in the linear park and hosts the National Badminton training centre and a major equestrian facility.
Milton Keynes Village
This is the original village to which the New City owes its name. The original village is still evident, with a pleasant thatched pub, village hall, church and traditional housing. The area around the village has reverted to its original name of Middleton, as shown on old maps of the 1700s.
Shenley
- Main article: Shenley, Milton Keynes
This group of villages are on the west side of Watling Street opposite Loughton and were originally part of the larger settlement recorded in the Domesday Book as Senelai.
Simpson
Simpson is a small hamlet on the old Northampton to London turnpike (via Watling Street at Fenny Stratford near by) and on the Grand Union Canal. It was recorded in the Domesday Book as Siwinestone.
Stantonbury
Little if anything remains of the original village that was Stantonbury. Today it is better known for its collegiate secondary school, Stantonbury Campus.
Stony Stratford
- Main article: Stony Stratford
The generic town name Stratford is Anglo Saxon in origin, and means 'ford on a Roman road'. The Roman road in this sense is the Watling Street that runs through the middle of the town. The ford is the crossing of the river Ouse. The prefix Stony refers to the stones on the bed of the ford, differentiating the town from nearby Fenny Stratford.
There has been a market in Stony Stratford since 1194 (by charter of King Richard I).
Two hotels in the centre of town, The Cock and The Bull were originally coaching inns on the main London to Chester and North Wales turnpike (Watling Street). Travellers gossip and rumour was exchanged at the two and was renowned for being far-fetched and fanciful. This is believed to be the origin of the Cock and Bull Story.
Today Stony Stratford is a busy market town on the northern edge of Milton Keynes, and is considered by many to be quite picturesque.
Tattenhoe
Just a few farm houses, a moat and a church[4] (1540) remain of historical Tattenhoe village and Manor — it was largely deserted in the 16th century. Nearby and just outside the city boundary, the foundations of the Benedictine Priory at Snelshall can still be seen.
Walton
Walton, Milton Keynes is listed in the Domesday Book as Waletone. Today, the manor house, Walton Hall, is the headquarters of the Open University and the tiny parish church (deconsecrated) is in its grounds. It is on the banks of the river Ouzel, a tributary of the Great Ouse, where there a disused balancing lake has been naturalised and is home to reeds, bulrushes, reed warbler, reed bunting, water rail, sparrowhawk, kestrel, green woodpecker, grass snake and many varieties of odonata. Surrounding the reedbed are ponds and open water, ancient hedgerows and hay meadow.
Willen
Image:Milton-keynes-peace-pagoda.jpg
The name Willen is probably from Anglo-saxon or old English meaning (at the) 'willows': the River Ouzel meanders through land ideal for willows. Today, there is a large balancing lake to capure flash floods before they cause problems down stream on the Great Ouse. The north basin is a wild-life sanctuary and a favourite of migrating acquatic birds. The south basin is for leisure use, favoured by wind surfers and dinghy sailors. The circuit of the lakes is a favoured "fun run".
The tiny Parish Church (1680) at Willen contains the only unaltered building by the architect and physicist Robert Hooke still in existence and is a classic of the early English Baroque period.
Nearby, there is a Buddhist Temple and a large stupa (known locally as the Peace Pagoda), built in 1980 by the Monks and Nuns of the Nipponzan Myohoji and was the first to be built in the western hemisphere.
Finally, overlooking the lake, Willen Hospice provides specialist care for people whose illness no longer responds to curative treatment (also known as specialist palliative care).
Wolverton
- Main article: Wolverton, Milton Keynes
The town name Wolverton is Anglo Saxon, meaning 'Wulfhere's estate'. It was recorded in the Domesday Book of 1086 as Wluerintone. The original Wolverton was a medieval settlement just north and west of today's town. This site is now known as Old Wolverton, although the medieval village no longer remains. The Ridge and Furrow pattern of agriculture can still be seen in the nearby fields and the Saxon (rebuilt in 1819) Church of the Holy Trinity still sits next to the Norman Motte and Bailey site.
The newer area built for the railways in the 19th century assumed the Wolverton name when, in the 19th century became a town of some importance for the national rail network as carriages and engines for trains were constructed here. See also Wolverton railway station and Wolverton railway works.
Wolverton is separated from New Bradwell by the Grand Union Canal and the West Coast (railway) Line. Just north of Wolverton, the Iron Trunk Aqueduct carries the Grand Union Canal over the Great Ouse: this was considered a substantial engineering feat for the day and indeed the first attempt collapsed into the river.
The Woolstones
The twin villages of Great Woolstone and Little Woolstone are centrally located in the new city, yet retain much of their rural charm. They are listed in the Domesday Book as Wlsiestone, an Anglo-saxon word meaning "Wulfsige's farm". The Grand Union Canal runs alongside: the village pub was built to relieve the navvies of their wages and retains many original features.
Woughton on the Green
In the Domesday Book, Woughton on the Green was recorded as Ulchetone. This is an Anglo Saxon name, which means Eoca's Farm. The village had gained its more modern name by the mid 12th century when the manor was recorded as belonging to the Verley family. Over the years, the pronunciation1 altered to "Wufton". The village was originally just called "Woughton": the suffix was added in the Victorian era to distinguish the village from other nearby places with the same name. On the Green refers to the large grassy area that lies in the centre of the village: the traditional village green. The Grand Union Canal runs alongside.
Milton Keynes in popular culture
Miscellanea
- The city's road system, with its abundance of roundabouts and scarcity of traffic lights, is famously difficult to navigate for those unfamiliar with the city, while self-evident to locals. The resultant frustration for visiting motorists is almost certainly the origin of Milton Keynes' often surprisingly bitter reputation with out-of-towners. The city is notable for its number of roundabouts. Their number is far higher than is typical in British towns: for example, within the city limits, the A421 route passes through 13 roundabouts in a 10.7 km stretch, and the A509 route passes through 12 roundabouts in a 6.4 km stretch. A book called Milton Keynes Roundabouts led to further editions for other towns.
- The courtyard area of the city train station which displays a Steam Engine (a replica London and North Western Railways' "Bloomer") is widely regarded as one of the best places to skateboard in Europe. Due to the arrangement of the pavements, skateboards can move freely and it has plenty of places to attempt "Grinds" and other skateboarding tricks. However in recent years, the Council has disliked the skateboarders' use of this area. They have since built a skate park called Station Square across the street under the Bus station. (See Milton Keynes#Amenities above).
- Milton Keynes boasts a growing Parkour or Freerunning movement. Due to its urban landscape the Central Milton Keynes area is ideal for Parkour. A Parkour team has formed in Milton Keynes. Using the Go MK! ad campaign logo they have used this and formed under the name MK PK! using the edited logo.
- Marshall Amplifiers and speakers, much loved by rock and heavy metal bands, is based in Bletchley. It produced the amplifier with a volume dial that went up to 11, for the spoof 'rockumentary' This is Spinal Tap.
- In the film Love Actually one of the background people learning to speak English says the line "Milton Keynes has many roundabouts".
- Milton Keynes provided locations for the films "Withnail and I" and "Superman IV".
- Denbigh North Leisure (just north of Bletchley) was home to the Sanctuary Music Arena, a music venue that was pivitol in the development of the UK's dance music scene. It was demolished in 2004 to make way for Milton Keynes's first football stadium.
Writers and celebrities
- Many artists have played at the National Bowl, Milton Keynes and some have released DVD or audio recordings. See that article for detailed list.
- Milton Keynes is parodied as Milton Springsteen: It's Quite Nice, Really! in Alexei Sayle's book Train To Hell. Rather than concrete cows, Milton Springsteen features "android yokels."
- Milton Keynes also appears in Neil Gaiman and Terry Pratchett's book Good Omens, as an example of a town neither heaven nor hell take credit for, but both regard as a success: "it was built to be modern, efficient, healthy, and, all in all, a pleasant place to live. Many Britons find this amusing."
- The British Comedian Bill Bailey makes reference to Milton Keynes in his stand up show Part Troll, calling the city Satan's lay-by.
- The humourist Miles Kington once had a book cover cartoon with the caption "Miles Kington? I thought that was one of these dreadful new towns" — not simply an observation that his name resembles a place name, but almost certainly also a reference to Milton Keynes.
- The UK TV and radio personality Noel Edmonds is credited with tainting the image of Milton Keynes in the 1970s by repeatedly deriding it as a concrete jungle and the natural home of the famous Concrete Cows. The Development Corporation was quick to point out that Milton Keynes has over 20 million trees. The Concrete Cows are among the earliest examples of conceptual art.
- The Travel Writer Bill Bryson also features Milton Keynes in his book Notes From A Small Island, in which he gets lost in the pedestrian subway system, the redways, having decided not to ask for directions.
- Milton Keynes is the birthplace of Errol Barnett who is an anchor and reporter for Channel One News in the United States. He lived in Crownhill and attended Holmwood First School and Two Mile Ash Middle School before moving to the US.
- Contrary to (allegedly) popular misconception, Milton Keynes was not named after the poet John Milton nor the economists Milton Friedman and John Maynard Keynes (indeed "Keynes" in the latter is pronounced "kay", not "key"), but after a village of the same name that already existed on the site of the proposed New City. The village was renamed Middleton in 1991, to distinguish it from the larger city. The name Milton Keynes and its similarity to the names of the famous economists Milton Friedman and John Maynard Keynes has often led to various silly jokes. Once on the television show Yes, Prime Minister, when the PM Jim Hacker mentioned Milton Keynes, the person to whom he was speaking mentioned how Milton Keynes was an economist and the intellectual leader of the Freedmen.
Access
Rail
Milton Keynes has six stations —
- three on the West Coast Main Line (London/Glasgow): Bletchley (MK south), Milton Keynes Central, and Wolverton (MK north)
- three on the Marston Vale Line (a remnant of the Oxford-Cambridge line): Bletchley (again), Fenny Stratford, and Bow Brickhill (MK south-east), for all stations to Bedford.
Services run from London Euston to Milton Keynes Central.
Road
North/South
M1 Northbound: J14 for city centre and north, J13 for south city (Open University and Bletchley).
M1 Southbound: J15A (via A45 then A5) for north city (Stony Stratford and Wolverton); J14 for city centre and south city.
Also A5 and A509
East/West A421 (centre and south city), A422 (north city).
Many long-distance coaches (including National Express services from London Victoria Coach Station and Golders Green Bus Station) stop at the rather desolate Milton Keynes Coachway beside M1 Junction 14 on the eastern edge, near a park and ride car park, about three miles (5 km) from the centre (3.5 miles from MK Central station). For connecting bus services, see MKWEB.
Air
The nearest [50 km] international airport is Luton, but there is only an hourly coach service from 06:00 to 21:00 from Milton Keynes Central station. This airport is mainly used by low cost airlines, notably Easyjet and Ryanair. Birmingham airport [100 km] is more mainstream, with frequent rail connections from Birmingham International to Milton Keynes Central.
The other London airports Heathrow, Gatwick and (especially) Stansted can be rather painful to reach by public transport if you are unfamiliar with local British transport idiosyncracies. The public transport route from these stations would have to involve a coach or train to central London, then a train (from Euston) or take a coach to Milton Keynes (from Victoria Coach Station).
There is an aerodrome at Cranfield [10 km].
Canal
The Grand Union Canal runs through the city.
Nearby settlements
- Cities: Birmingham, Cambridge, Coventry, London, Oxford, Peterborough
- Other towns in the Borough of Milton Keynes (outside the "Designated Area"): Hanslope,Newport Pagnell, Olney,Woburn Sands (see Milton Keynes (borough) for list of villages).
- Towns: Ampthill, Aylesbury, Banbury, Bedford, Bicester, Buckingham, Dunstable, Leighton Buzzard, Luton, Northampton, Rugby, Towcester, Wellingborough, Woburn
External links
- The Official Milton Keynes website
- City Discovery Centre
- General facts and figures about Milton Keynes from official council site.
- "What's on" and current affairs from council portal site.
- Milton Keynes Heritage Association - including archeological links
- Milton Keynes Council
- Milton Keynes at the Open Directory Project
- General facts and figures about Milton Keynes
- Pictures of Milton Keynes
- This is Milton Keynes
- Milton Keynes Peace Pagoda, Temple, Medicine Wheel, and Maze
- Radio Free MK website - broadcast from within MK, a useful independent source for entertainment
- Milton Keynes Freecycle™ Group - Don't bin it - Freecycle™ it!
Footnotes
Note 1: Pronunciation varies according to the speaker. The Received Pronunciation of Milton Keynes is [ˌmɪltənˈkiːnz], of Shenley is [ˈʃɛnlɪ], of Loughton is [ˈlaʊtən], of Woughton is [ˈwʌftən], and of Broughton is [ˈbrəʊtən]. Note that these are not the only local pronunciations: many local speakers of Estuary English pronounce Milton Keynes as [ˌmɪuʔn̩ˈkiːnz], Loughton as [ˈlɐːʊʔn̩], Broughton as [ˈbrɔːʊʔn̩], and so on.
Note 2: Two decades of the Redway cycle paths in Milton Keynes by John Franklin, Traffic Engineering + Control, July/August 1999.de:Milton Keynes eo:Milton Keynes nl:Milton Keynes no:Milton Keynes sv:Milton Keynes simple:Milton Keynes
