Human shield action to Iraq

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Image:Human shields black bus.jpg On January 25, 2003 an international group of volunteers left London and headed for Baghdad to act as voluntary human shields, hoping to avert a U.S. invasion.^{[{{fullurl:}}#endnote_HS_head_for_Iraq]} The action's primary organiser, Kenneth O'Keefe, a former U.S. Marine who served in the 1991 Gulf War but who renounced his citizenship afterwards, instigated the action with an article in The Observer, titled "Back to Iraq as a human shield".^{[{{fullurl:}}#endnote_Back_to_Iraq]} The convoy travelled through Europe and Turkey by bus to pick up like-minded people along the way, totalling roughly 75 people.^{[{{fullurl:}}#endnote_HS_flock_to_Iraq]} It has been estimated that 200-500 people eventually made their way to Iraq before the U.S. invasion in March.^{[{{fullurl:}}#endnote_HS_numbers_start]}

Upon reaching Baghdad a strategy was formed on the assumption that there would not be enough people to avert an invasion.^{[{{fullurl:}}#endnote_HS_numbers_total]} This was to involve the voluntary deployment of activists to humanitarian sites throughout Baghdad, and possibly Basra, in an effort to avert the bombing of such sites.

There was much internal debate about which sites were to be chosen.^{[{{fullurl:}}#endnote_Internal_debate]} Some volunteers had travelled to Iraq on the assumption that they were deploying to schools, hospitals or archaeological sites. It was eventually agreed that these sites were unsuitable. Schools would be closed, unqualified people were a potential hindrance in hospitals, and archaeological sites—although potential targets—were thought to be of too lower priority in comparison to other potential targets.

Image:Human shields greeted crossing border into Iraq.jpg Eventually volunteers deployed to Al Daura Electrical Plant, Baghdad South Electrical Plant, 7th April Water Treatment Plant, Al Daura Water Treatment Plant, Tejio Food Silo, Al Daura Oil Refinery and Al Mamun Telecommunications Facility. ^{[{{fullurl:}}#endnote_HS_sites]} All these sites were targeted and bombed in the 1991 Gulf War. Articles 52 and 54 of the Geneva Conventions forbid attacking civilian infrastructure with no military use, especially water drinking facilities. ^{[{{fullurl:}}#endnote_Geneva_Conventions]}

During these deployments a small group of volunteers, lead by Gordon Sloan of New Zealand, took on the job of checking proposed sites to ensure they were not military sites or in close vicinity to such. This was to be the cause of some conflict with their Iraqi host, Dr. Abdul Razak al-Hashimi, head of the Friendship, Peace and Solidarity organisation which was hosting the activists, under the authority of the Baathist government.^{[{{fullurl:}}#endnote_Hashimi_conflict]}

With an invasion imminent, Hashimi became frustrated by these explorations, called a meeting, and asked the activists to deploy to sites or leave Iraq. This single act is said by some of the leading volunteers to have been a costly political mistake.^{[{{fullurl:}}#endnote_Hashimi_mistake]} It was the trigger of much anxiety among volunteers^{[{{fullurl:}}#endnote_HS_anxiety]} and negative reporting in the media, including mis-reports that activists were being forced to deploy to military sites. ^{[{{fullurl:}}#endnote_Mis-reports]}

It was also at this point that some of the British volunteers were to return to London along with the two double-decker red buses and their owner, which were originally meant to have left soon after arrival.^{[{{fullurl:}}#endnote_Meant_to_have_left]} These acts and the paranoia that rose up around Hashimi's announcement was to slow the influx of activists and cause some of those already there to leave Iraq, believing they had lost credibility through Hashimi's actions. Many activists were to stay on, however, and continue to shield the chosen sites.

Image:Human shield meeting.jpg There is no conclusive evidence either way as to whether the human shield action to Iraq was a factor in the decision not to bomb much of the civilian infrastructure that was bombed in 1991. However on February 26, 2003, Senior CNN Pentagon Correspondent, Jamie McIntyre commented that the "Pentagon says they will try to work around human shields" as long as they were not deployed to military sites.^{[{{fullurl:}}#endnote_Military_work_around]} Of all the shielded sites only one—arguably a legitimate target under the Geneva Conventions—was eventually bombed, the Al Mamun Telecommunications Facility, one day after the human shields pulled out of it.^{[{{fullurl:}}#endnote_Bombed_day_after]}

The Human Shield action was widely criticised for its actions for what many saw as being an overt act of aiding Saddam Hussein’s regime. Charges of the shields being “dupes” and “useful idiots” were widespread in pro-war circles. They argued that while various governments around the globe carry out acts of aggression the human shield action saw fit to only defend one. Conservative pundit Jonah Goldberg noted after a debate with O'Keefe, that “O'Keefe and his friends are objectively in favour of Saddam Hussein and his murderous regime because they believe he is uniquely worth defending with their bodies. They may be brave, I guess, but they're still idiots, and I'm sure Saddam is grateful for them.“

The Iraqi government’s first utilisation of human shields occurred during Iraq's occupation of Kuwait in August 1990 and the international response, Operation Desert Shield. Within hours of the start of the invasion of Kuwait, Iraqi soldiers began taking hostage Western and other noncombatants they encountered as the Iraqi military occupied Kuwait.

By late October, 1991, the Iraqis had arrested at least 104 American and more than 700 British, European, Australian, Japanese, and Kuwaiti men and moved them to 70 strategic sites in Iraq and Kuwait as a hedge against possible international military action. The sites included dams, refineries, munitions factories, agricultural sites, and weapons facilities. The Iraqi military had also placed military units in such a close proximity to civilian and humanitarian facilities that any attack on the these military units would virtually guarantee large collateral civilian damages.

Image:Militar Civilan cover.jpg Some individuals involved with the Human Shield Action did admit to some of the criticisms of the action. Assyrian minister Ken Joseph said he began to question and eventually reject his activities in Iraq after a being there only a short time. He noted that all foreigners in Iraq are subject to 24 hour surveillance by government minders and that many average Iraqis he spoke with strongly desired military action to depose Saddam Hussein. Daniel Pepper, a young American photographer who was also a human shield in Iraq experienced a similar experience, noting that many civilians he spoke with candidly told them they desired the invasion to topple the Hussein government.

Maria Ermanno, chairwoman of the Swedish Peace and Arbitration Society, cited reports that Iraqi officials were arranging transportation, accommodations and news conferences for the human shields and that they were being used for propaganda purposes by Saddam Hussein. "To go down to Iraq and live and act there on the regime's expense, then you're supporting a terrible dictator. I think that method is entirely wrong," Ermanno told Swedish Radio.

The Iraqi regime was also criticised for encouraging and facilitating the human shield actions as this was seen as violation of international law and Protocol I, article 20 of the Geneva Convention. Human Rights Watch stated that like workers in munitions factories, civilians acting as human shields, whether voluntary or not, contribute indirectly to the war capability of a state. Human Rights Watch also saw the use of voluntary human shield volunteers as a violation of international law, citing Protocol I, art. 51 of the Geneva Convention

• The presence or movements of the civilian population or individual civilians shall not be used to render certain points or areas immune from military operations, in particular in attempts to shield military objectives from attacks or to shield, favor or impede military operations. The Parties to the conflict shall not direct the movement of the civilian population or individual civilians in order to attempt to shield military objectives from attacks or to shield military operations.

They also noted that the conventions decree that both POW’s and civilians should not be used to render certain points or areas immune from military operations. [1]

See also

• Human shield
• Non-violent resistance
• Popular opposition to war on Iraq
• Protests against the 2003 Iraq war
• 2003 Invasion of Iraq
• Anti-war
• Peace movement
• Kenneth O'Keefe

External links

• Human Shield Action to Iraq - official website
• Some interviews with Kenneth O'Keefe on global news networks such as CNN and Sky News
• Human shield protest in Iraq: Ask campaign leader, live interactive forum where members of the public put their questions to Kenneth O'Keefe - BBC Talking Point Forum (16 January, 2003)
• Interview with Kenneth O'Keefe, part of the Voices of Iraq series - The Guardian (February 4, 2003)
• 'Human shield' protesters visit No 10 - The Guardian (January 22, 2003)
• U.S. human shields face 12 years' jail for visiting Iraq - The Guardian (August 13, 2003)
• U.S. cautions Iraq on human shields BBC News (16 January, 2003)
• Fear as human shield faces jail BBC News (21 September, 2003)
• Human shield fined over sanctions BBC News (11 August, 2003)
• Putting Noncombatants at Risk: Saddam's Use of "Human Shields" - CIA (January 2003)
• A man from Norfolk who went to Iraq to act as a human shield is back, saying his mission was a success BBC News (18 April, 2003)
• The sister of a Labour MP has vowed to remain as a human shield throughout the bombing of Iraq BBC News (19 March, 2003)
• Gulf veteran recruits human shields - BBC News (22 January, 2003)
• 'I'm an ex-marine recruiting human shields' BBC News (19 February, 2003)
• 'Human shields' head for Iraq - (29 December, 2002)
• First wave of volunteers prepare to set off for Baghdad - The Guardian (23 January, 2003)
• Human shields speed to Baghdad BBC News (19 March, 2003)
• Targeting Decisions Regarding Human Shields - Military Review (September/October 2004)
• Inside the deluded world of the 'human shields' Telegraph.co.uk (2 March, 2003)

References

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}}. (A self-citation by an organiser of the human shield action and a contributor to this article.)

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 |then=web reference: Parameter url, title and date must be specified 

}}{{{Author|{{{author|}}}}}}{{qif

 |test={{{PublishYear|{{{publishyear|}}}}}}
 |then= ({{{PublishYear|{{{publishyear|}}}}}})

}}{{qif

 |test={{boolor
   |1={{{Author|{{{author|}}}}}}
   |2={{{PublishYear|{{{publishyear|}}}}}}}}
 |then=.}}{{qif
 |test={{booland
   |1={{{URL|{{{url|}}}}}}
   |2={{{Title|{{{title|}}}}}}}}
 |then= [{{{URL|{{{url}}}}}} {{{Title|UK bus owner defends Iraq trip}}}].

}}{{qif

 |test={{{format|{{{Format|}}}}}}
 |then= ({{{Format|{{{format}}}}}})

}}{{qif

 |test={{{Work|{{{work|}}}}}}
 |then= {{{Work|CNN, Special Report, War in Iraq, 4 March, 2003}}}.}}{{qif
 |test={{{Publisher|{{{publisher|}}}}}}
 |then= {{{Publisher|{{{publisher}}}}}}.

}}{{qif

 |test={{{Date|{{{date|}}}}}}  
 |then= URL accessed on [[{{{Date|30 January}}}]]{{qif
   |test={{{Year|{{{year|}}}}}}
   |then=, [[{{{Year|2005}}}]]
 }}

}}.

1. ^  {{qif

 |test={{boolnand
   |1={{booland
     |1={{{URL|{{{url|}}}}}}
     |2={{{Title|{{{title|}}}}}}
   }}
   |2={{{Date|{{{date|}}}}}}}}
 |then=web reference: Parameter url, title and date must be specified 

}}{{{Author|{{{author|}}}}}}{{qif

 |test={{{PublishYear|{{{publishyear|}}}}}}
 |then= ({{{PublishYear|{{{publishyear|}}}}}})

}}{{qif

 |test={{boolor
   |1={{{Author|{{{author|}}}}}}
   |2={{{PublishYear|{{{publishyear|}}}}}}}}
 |then=.}}{{qif
 |test={{booland
   |1={{{URL|{{{url|}}}}}}
   |2={{{Title|{{{title|}}}}}}}}
 |then= [{{{URL|{{{url}}}}}} {{{Title|Transcript of Lou Dobbs Moneyline}}}].

}}{{qif

 |test={{{format|{{{Format|}}}}}}
 |then= ({{{Format|{{{format}}}}}})

}}{{qif

 |test={{{Work|{{{work|}}}}}}
 |then= {{{Work|CNN, 26 February, 2003}}}.}}{{qif
 |test={{{Publisher|{{{publisher|}}}}}}
 |then= {{{Publisher|{{{publisher}}}}}}.

}}{{qif

 |test={{{Date|{{{date|}}}}}}  
 |then= URL accessed on [[{{{Date|30 January}}}]]{{qif
   |test={{{Year|{{{year|}}}}}}
   |then=, [[{{{Year|2005}}}]]
 }}

}}.

1. ^  {{qif

 |test={{boolnand
   |1={{booland
     |1={{{URL|{{{url|}}}}}}
     |2={{{Title|{{{title|}}}}}}
   }}
   |2={{{Date|{{{date|}}}}}}}}
 |then=web reference: Parameter url, title and date must be specified 

}}{{{Author|{{{author|}}}}}}{{qif

 |test={{{PublishYear|{{{publishyear|}}}}}}
 |then= ({{{PublishYear|{{{publishyear|}}}}}})

}}{{qif

 |test={{boolor
   |1={{{Author|{{{author|}}}}}}
   |2={{{PublishYear|{{{publishyear|}}}}}}}}
 |then=.}}{{qif
 |test={{booland
   |1={{{URL|{{{url|}}}}}}
   |2={{{Title|{{{title|}}}}}}}}
 |then= [{{{URL|{{{url}}}}}} {{{Title|Human shield summary of action}}}].

}}{{qif

 |test={{{format|{{{Format|}}}}}}
 |then= ({{{Format|{{{format}}}}}})

}}{{qif

 |test={{{Work|{{{work|}}}}}}
 |then= {{{Work|Human Shield Action to Iraq official website, front page}}}.}}{{qif
 |test={{{Publisher|{{{publisher|}}}}}}
 |then= {{{Publisher|{{{publisher}}}}}}.

}}{{qif

 |test={{{Date|{{{date|}}}}}}  
 |then= URL accessed on [[{{{Date|30 January}}}]]{{qif
   |test={{{Year|{{{year|}}}}}}
   |then=, [[{{{Year|2005}}}]]
 }}

}}.